Provisional Logistics 2

Hi

I wonder how much more irritation they will be able to bear next time.

At this point I'm not sure what made them mad or what made them decide that my thread was inappropriate, so I'm going to sit on it for a while. It could be a simple human error on their part, after all.

Unfortunately, Celeste's commentator in the Japanese Restream of SGDQ 2021 was not the one I like. It's not that I hate anyone but him, but I can't help but feel that he has some special qualities or something.

Basically, I like my AirPods 2. I understand that they are not the best cost effective earbuds on the market today, but for me having several Apple devices and ears that fit EarPods it seemed like a good choice.

Actually my cock is just relaxing right now.

And, yes, I've just had a bowel movement. Now that I think about it, it seems that despite containing a lot of cruelty, Attack on Titan didn't have many obscenities, including scatology.

One of ZUN’s Melody and Countermelody Relationships
Electroll

Zun seems to like using melody 1 as the counter melody for melody 2 or vice versa. Here are three examples.
Sakura, Sakura ~ Japanize Dream Melody 1
Sakura, Sakura ~ Japanize Dream Melody 1 + Melody 2
Crazy Backup Dancer Melody 2
Some may regard this as a verse instead of a melody but I will just label it as melody for convenience sake.
Crazy Backup Dancer Melody 2 (Different key) + Melody 3
Thunderclouds of Magical Power Melody 1
Thunderclouds of Magical Power Melody 3 (Different key from Melody 1)
Thunderclouds of Magical Power Melody 1 (Lowest pitch) + Melody 2 (Middle pitch) + Melody 3 (Highest pitch)
Thunderclouds of Magical Power Melody 3 + Melody 4

So how did ZUN manage to harmonise the 2 melodies together without having them sound ‘dissonant’ or ’clashing’?
I have 4 theories.
1) Melodies at different pitches
2) Controlling dynamics
3) Syncopation
4) Same chord progression

1) Melodies at different pitches
I raised Melody 1 of DDC extra stage theme by 1 octave on every repeat. The one with closer pitch to the other 2 melodies (raised 2 octaves) sounds more dissonant, doesn’t it?

2) Controlling dynamics
I increased the dynamics of Melody 4 of DDC extra stage theme on the next repeat. The one where Melody 4’s dynamic is increased sounds not as dissonant, doesn’t it? By the way, it’s the major second which I feel is causing the dissonance (F# and G#)

3) Syncopation
What is Syncopation? Go google it yourself lol. Anyway, the noteheads marked X are notes of the main melody that do not fall in together with the counter melody. More than 50% of the main melody notes do not fall with the counter melody notes, creating lesser chances for dissonances. HM Magus Night is not arranged by ZUN, I just want to give an example to prove my point.

4) Same chord progression
If both melody and counter melody shares the same chord progression, then the chances of them harmonising together increase. Melody 1 and 2 share almost the same chord progression except for only 1 bar. When composing a song, the melody notes are usually derived from the base chords. Hence, with the same chord progression, chances of 2 melodies harmonising together increase. Credits to Kijiriki and Artist のくの as I used their Sakura, Sakura sheet. Some useful information…

The Types of Intervals

Perfect Consonances
Perfect Unison (P1, PP)
Perfect Fourth (P4)
Perfect Fifth (P5)
Perfect Octave (P8)

Imperfect Consonances
Minor Third (m3)
Major Third (M3)
Minor Sixth (m6)
Major Sixth (M6)

Diatonic Dissonances
Minor Second (m2)
Major Second (M2)
Minor Seventh (m7)
Major Seventh (M7)
Tritone (A4, +4, d5, °5, T, TT)

Chromatic Dissonances
Augmented Second (A2, +2)
Any Other Augmented or Diminished Interval

A list of songs I can think of that used that compositional technique.

Border of Life (Final)
Chinese Tea
HM Magus Night
Crazy Backup Dancer
Thunderclouds of Magical Power
Sakura, Sakura ~ Japanize Dream
Future Universe of Wheelchair
Swim in a Cherry Blossom-Coloured Sea
Into the Backdoor
The Yorimashi Sits Between Dream and Reality ~ Necro-Fantasia
Cinderella Cage ~ Kagome-Kagome
Voyage 1970 is literally the counter melody of Voyage 1969

Also, kudos to these 2 Japanese pianists as they manage to play both melody and counter melody with only their right hand which is bloody hard to do so.
Jam (ジャム) and Jumpny2010
Jam (ジャム) …
Jumpny2010 …

Wow, that's only 3,4% less! This is a benefit from the M1, isn't it?

I don't have a lot to say about MIMK-078, but one thing I can say is that for the first time in a long time, a real person has been the deciding factor in putting an end to my fapping, even if she is partially hiding her face. I would like to pay tribute to the original author, Etuzan Jakusui, the lead actress, Yuria Yoshine, and the production staff.

Yeah, it's damn hot.

I want to wipe out from this world the idea that roles shape the personality of each individual.

The first headphones I bought were M40X, which were essentially chosen as a compromise to the M50X. The choice was 100% determined by information on the internet, and it would be no exaggeration to say that I despised the importance of my own senses. I needed it mainly for listening to the original music of the Touhou Project. That requirement led me via Google to Yahoo! Chiebukuro (it's like Japanese ver. Reddit), where I first heard of the M50X. At the time it cost about $200, and the existence of the M40X at half that price immediately attracted me. Being a very lazy and stingy person, I didn't bother to look into other alternatives and it became my first choice, which resulted in my purchase. I like my M40X, but now that the price of the M50X has dropped to around $150, if I had to choose now, I would buy it.

Approximately 27% less expensive! Quite fascinating option :)

I feel that the relationship between the iPhone 12 and iPhone 12 mini is similar to that of the iPad 8 and iPad mini 5 in some ways. It is the regular model of each that is more cost effective, but each mini has the advantage of portability. Well, to be honest, I would recommend the regular model to most people, but for people like me with small hands and waning muscle strength, or for those who simply re-emphasize portability, the mini is a good option. I'm sure you're tired of hearing about this lol

What could be more painful than not being able to ask for help when someone is right in front of you?

I tend to pick at my ears even when there is no wax buildup. I tend to do this after showering, so I assume the purpose is drainage, but in any case, the fact is that I am contributing to the itchiness of my ear canal more than anything else. I want to stop, but it's become a habit.

It feels good to sniff vigorously, like a doppleganger.

>>18 Sorry guys, a doppelgänger is correct.

Yeah, sorry for the joke. It's actually not a doppelganger, but an onomatopoeia of ejaculation often found in Japanese Hentai manga. Like “Dopyu-ruru-ruru!” It expresses the sound of a highly viscous liquid passing through a narrow space.

Do aliens use mathematics to try to understand the universe? Maybe.

An immature idea that might be fresh: the succubus makes her imperfect alter ego to make her prey impatient and more engrossed.

Yahweh {"Yahweh" is God's proper Name, sometimes rendered "LORD" (all caps) in other translations.} spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, in the Tent of Meeting, on the first day of the second month, in the second year after they had come out of the land of Egypt, saying, Take a census of all the congregation of the children of Israel, by their families, by their fathers' houses, according to the number of the names, every male, one by one; from twenty years old and upward, all who are able to go out to war in Israel. You and Aaron shall number them by their divisions.

Somehow I like the sound of the word "intellectual problem".

Definitely I don't dislike it rather than I hate it.

So, every year, like clockwork, a new iPhone comes out. That’s a little better, a little faster, a little stronger than the last one. And as we know, Apple is the master of messaging. So they give an incredible onstage presentation with unreal video production. They paint the simplest, prettiest picture of how this is the greatest iPhone they’ve ever made. “The most powerful, fastest iPhone we’ve ever made.” But they also do something else very important, standard practice, but they give the phone to reviewers. And they don’t have to do this but they do and everyone involved will have essentially some date that they are first allowed to talk about their experience with this new phone. Now I’ve been a reviewer for years. We’re professionals. Our job is to take that week and do all of our testing and take all of our findings and find all the things we like and all the things we don’t like and all the new features and test all of the new claims and distill them all down into one piece. And that is a review. And if you time it all right, you can publish that review, right when the contract we signed say we’re allowed to. You might have heard of this? It’s called an embargo. So that’s what you’re seeing when you see all this first wave of reviews and impression videos about a product drop at the same time. The thing is every single one of these reviews is fundamentally a balancing act. Because there’s limited time. There is no possible way to meaningfully test every single new thing about every incredible new phone that comes out. And even if you do, how much time does that leave for writing down all these tests and then analyzing the results of these tests and that doesn’t even leave time for the production of shooting the video, editing the video, the color correction, the music, all the creative choices you want to make. There’s just too much. Being a video reviewer on YouTube today is like nine different jobs in one. So how do you decide what gets included in that review and how much has to hit the cutting room floor? So every review has its own style. Some reviews you’ll see are 5 minutes long. Super dense. Some might be 10 minutes long, even my own videos reviews over the years have gotten somewhere in the 15 to 20 minute range but that’s in an effort to give you as much information as possible in as short as time as possible. I’m not trying to waste anybody’s time. And don’t forget on YouTube we also have audience metrics and retention to think about. It’s a balancing act. So a review is basically the art of compressing and distilling as much useful information as possible into one piece. But because it’s an art, everyone’s going to cut different things from different places and make different pieces. But not this video. In this video, there is no time limit. This is everything you could possibly want to know about my last five months with the iPhone 12 Pro and what I really think.

All right. So now that the limits are off, I’m definitely going to be getting into the weeds a pretty good amount and multiple pieces of this video. You know, when it’s happening but I still it’ll be pretty fun when we do it. Now if you’re the mad man or mad woman who’s just going to watch this whole video straight through to the end, well you can see how long this video is, it’s good one, buckle up grab a snack, but if your attention span isn’t quite that long, well you can see there are chapters below for all these different topics, so if you want to get into the weeds on a certain topic you’re curious about, you can do that too, feel free to click around. Also, this video is mainly based on the iPhone 12 Pro that I’ve spent most of my last five months with, but anytime I reference other pieces of the iPhone lineup the 12 mini or the 12 or the 12 Pro Max, I’ll mention that too. Let’s get into it.

So the iPhone 12 series has a refreshed design this year which is always a big deal in the phone world and the iPhone design just doesn’t change as much as it used to and I think that’s pretty important. Design is really what most people look forward to and what seems to identify the iPhone forever. I mean, think about it, most of the time when you see new iPhone leaks or headlines or rumors, it’s mostly design stuff, right? You’re looking at new case designs or new dimensions or what is the camera bump on the back of this year’s rectangle going to look like. Mostly because we already know the next year’s iPhone is going to be pretty similar to this year’s iPhone. But we just want to know what it’s going to look like. The look and feel in the hand is is always the last most exciting unknown. I happen to love the new modern super flat design of the iPhone 12 series. It’s still a rectangle with rounded corners in a few different colors. But sides are flat. Straight up, 90 degrees, stand up on the edges flat. So the flatness has become this identifying characteristic of the phone just like it was for the iPhone 4, 4s, 5 and 5s. But it’s actually even flatter than most other flat phones because instead of 2.5D glass that’s flat for most of the surface and then curves over at the very edges. This is just straight flat glass on the front and the back and the flat stainless steel band around the edges. So this has a couple of effects. First, it gave Apple slightly more internal volume in the same shape. Second, it made the edges a bit shaper. So I happen to like the flatter edges just because I feel like it gives me something to hold when I’m picking up the phone, gripping it. Some people though dislike it for the same reason because it can feel a little sharp, like it’s sort of bumping into the corners of your hand. I haven’t felt that with this phone. The thing I like and dislike the most about this design though is the finishes. So all the iPhone 12 Pros have this sort of matte finish on the back which is nice. It’s actually satin that doesn’t show many fingerprints in any light which is awesome. It doesn’t change much as it wears over time but then you’ve got a glassy finish on the Apple logo, the camera bump and the stainless steel band around the outside. So the logo, that’s fine, I get it, but we know they could have made the camera bump matte because that’s what they did on the regular iPhone 12. Yet they went with a glossy finish just on this piece and then combined with the raised sharp camera rings. This has the tendency to collect a lot of dust. Every iPhone 12 Pro you see that’s outside of a case for more than a few minutes or put into a pocket is going to have dust around the camera modules. This doesn’t actually change the performance of the camera so it’s actually not a big deal but the dust is pretty much always going to be there because of the rings. The most annoying part of the finish on these phones for me though is the fingerprints on the stainless steel rails. They are constant. So much so that it’s not even worth cleaning in the moment when you notice there’s fingerprints on it. Like they’ve nailed everything else about this rail, the power button is slightly bigger and still very clicky, love that, the mute switch is a staple that still works exactly as you’d expect it to. I’ll talk about more about the rest of the button behavior later but basically my ideal iPhone 12 would actually be, a hybrid between the matte back of the Pro and the matte camera bump and aluminum rails of the regular 12. But guess what, most people put their phone in case and so none of that stuff about the finishes, about the grippiness, about the corners will really actually matter to you that much if you cover up all of this engineering in a plastic shell of your choice. The size of the iPhone has always been pretty reasonable although it’s slowly crept up in size over the years.

And this is my favorite size iPhone ever because it feels just about as big as it can get before I start to have to do hand gymnastics to reach the notification shade and the stuff in the top corner of the screen. For whatever reason, Apple just refuses to adjust the software on the gigantic iPhone 12 Pro Max to really take advantage of that bigger screen in a meaningful way. So I found the trade-off in cameras and battery for how annoying it is. To use, just isn’t worth it. So the iPhone 12 Pro is a great size, the iPhone 12 is an identical size, and the 12 mini if you can deal with the battery shortcomings is the best compact flagship phone out there right now. I’ll link my entire video about that below. A couple other things about the design though. This is a thousand dollar phone. Let’s not forget that. It’s a thousand dollars. And so there’s a lot of these premium design, industrial design features. And this would be the perfect video to shout out a lot of those things that we typically skip and take for granted. So the whole body is sealed and IP68 certified, I’m not the type to put it under water and test that, but it is able to withstand dust and dirt and is resistant to liquid submersion up to a max depth of six meters underwater for up to 30 minutes. So it’s always nice to see premium phones that would survive a quick drop in the pool or a toilet or something like that. And actually I also used to do a lot more tests if you go back far enough in videos where I would literally try to bend the phone and see if you could hear any flexing or creaking or anything like that. Phones these days just don’t do anymore and this is no exception. So overall, just in terms of raw industrial design, the iPhone is exactly what we’d expected. It’s great. It works great, it looks great, and it still has the widest most vibrant ecosystem of accessories. The worst part about it is technically that Lightning Port in a world of USB Type-C, but to most iPhone users that’s just a default and we already know Apple’s trying to get rid of that. Anyway, I’ll link a video below the like button or right up here in the corner to an entire video I made just about that topic. The best part though, I still think it’s actually the most underrated, the haptics. So I’m putting this in the design section because this is a consideration from the very beginning when Apple’s laying out the internals of the iPhone. There is a massive space set aside inside for a very large Taptic Engine as Apple calls it. And it’s REALLY good. So instead of previously typical rotational vibration motor, that Taptic Engine is a linear oscillating vibrator. And it can deliver incredibly precise convincing vibrations that literally feels like taps. Almost like you’re pressing a real button or your phone is tapping you in your pocket. And it’s better than any other phone’s haptics I’ve felt right now. This one in the iPhone 12 Pro isn’t necessarily better than last year but it’s just one of those things that we skip because we take it for granted. But it’s really good. Apple’s gotten so good at haptics that they’re comfortable replacing typical buttons like a track pad on a MacBook with just a flat piece of glass and a Taptic Engine underneath. It’s just, it’s that good. Also, do I think that this triple camera array looks kind of like a stovetop? Yes. Do I think Apple knew that when they were making this phone? Yes. But do I think they just went ahead with it anyway because the memes are inevitable and it’s kind of also extra press? Yes. So go ahead. Put a case on it.

If the iPhone 13 mini is released, and it has a matte black flat design with Touch ID, I guess it must look pretty attractive to me, to the extent that I'd consider it worth 80,000 JPY. It'll be a good deal.

Son of a bitcoin! I can't stop hiccupping!

I like Reach for the Summit.

Buenos días.

One of the strangest things about erections is that there is no choice. It progresses before any behavioural assessment has taken place.

I don't know why erection is in the plural, but it was probably done with noble intentions. No need to worry as I had already subsided without realizing it.

Ghostly Point of View, Ghostly Vision, Ghostly Perspective (06/10/2021, 17:52)
Seeing the True Nature of Ghosts and Withered Tail Flowers (17:52, 2021/06/10)
The Agitated Universe (2021/06/10/17:54)
A Senior Conflicts Between Reason and Instinct (2021/06/13, 0:30)
For as long as I can remember, a motion of no confidence in the Cabinet against the ruling party, the ego, has been submitted in the Diet of my brain, my highest decision-making body. (2021/06/16, 11:01)
Mario-like understanding of as a subcategory of gamification (07/22/2021, 7:25 PM)
Heattech can replace heating, but Airism cannot replace cooling. (2021/07/27/16:01)
If there is anything to strive for, it is only the realization of fairness. (2021/08/07, 0:01)
The fear of the collapse of intellectual constructs discourages constructive thought and action, whatever it may be. (2021/08/09/5:04)

Only those who can use the compass of duty when swimming in a sea of unlimited rights are free. (2021/09/02, 21:45)
Seeking External Intelligence (Sep 2, 2021 / 22:12)

I'm not going to save it in SP because it's not sophisticated enough to be called a Proverb, but I'll let PL spit it out, even though what's in SP is hardly a Proverb in the grand scheme of things. I mean, caring for a living thing is like not wanting to break your smartphone.

Is the hypothesis that something that foreshadows death is attractive a little too short-sighted?

Emil Cioran was a writer and philosopher born in 1911 in what is present day Rasinari, Romania. He is renowned for his penetratingly dark, nihilistic, yet beautiful writing style, considered by many to be one of the great writers of despair, building his philosophical arguments off the somber, emotional rhythm of his prose, often expressing shocking thoughts and dark humor, nearly every sentence and passage hung down from the very heights of despair. Born into a socially and spiritually volatile time of western history, somewhere in the middle of the increasing disintegration of traditional religious ideology and the newly emerging philosophical movements of existentialism, idealism, and other pessimistic schools of thought, Cioran would find himself positioned on the face of a mountain that humanity was desperately trying to get over. And from his view, he saw nothing. A deathly climb to another valley of nowhere. At a fairly young age, Cioran would become a heavy reader, going on to study literature and philosophy at the University of Bucharest, a public university in Romania. Here he would study and read the works of philosophers like Immanuel Kant, Friedrich Nietzsche, Arthur Schopenhauer, Lev Shestov, Hegel, and many others. At twenty-three, he would publish his first book titled On the Heights of Despair, which would soon go on to receive controversial, but mostly positive critical acclaim, achieving him two notable awards, and setting him on the path to soon become an internationally recognized writer and thinker. In this first work, not only did Cioran reveal his promising, young intellectual mind, but also what would go on to become the reoccurring, lifelong themes and obsessions of his work; themes like despair, suffering, social isolation, absurdity, futility, failure, decay, and death. Written out of a spell of horrible insomnia, this first book would provide a foretelling of what awaited Cioran: a lifelong exploration of the underbelly of the human condition fueled by a depression infused insomniac lifestyle. “I’ve never been able to write otherwise than in the midst of the depression brought about by my nights of insomnia.” Cioran writes. “For seven years I could barely sleep. I need this depression, and even today before I sit down to write I play a disk of Gypsy music from Hungary.” Like many great writers and artists, Cioran felt as though he had to write. It was not as if he made his work sad, but that his sadness made his work. In the moments of depression, writing was, according to him, his only therapy. His first book, and the twenty plus others of his to come, according to Cioran, saved him from what might have otherwise seemed like the logical conclusion to much of his work. If nothing else, this aspect of his work and life reveals a profound insight into the potency of the creative process. That even in writing about the futility and meaninglessness of life and its endeavors, the power of the creative process can, in some sense, save the writer from the very substance and content of their own work, paradoxically making the futility and meaninglessness that they discuss somewhat less futile and meaningless. After leaving Romania in 1940, Cioran would end up living the majority of his life in Paris. He would go on to produce upwards of twenty books, written in both Romanian and French, keeping the same eloquence, wit, and intensity throughout. His work would increasingly develop and maintain him a highly respected reputation amongst the  prominent French intellectual scene, garnering the admiration of high-ranking philosophical peers as well as a large following of readers across the world.

Despite this, he would live a very modest, private life, going to great lengths to avoid any and all accolades and any way of life that would otherwise be considered ordinarily successful. In 1995, at the age of eighty-four, Cioran died after having developed Alzheimer’s several years prior. Slowly but surely, one of the most eloquent minds of the 20th century lost all relationship with words and then experienced the main theme of his life’s work firsthand. In terms of Cioran’s philosophy, despite his work being unmistakably perceptive and intelligent, he is somewhat interesting and perhaps debatable  in the context of a philosopher. For the most part, traditional philosophical work is almost always grounded in a particular system of thought, which is formed or integrated first as a foundation and then logically built on from there. Cioran’s work, however, does not really start from nor integrate any real system of this form. Rather, it relies more on his aphoristic, observational writing style, which seems to almost philosophize and reveal metaphysical ideas through the emotionally tense, subjective, and chaotic reading experience alone, without much consideration of logical structure or systematic reasoning. Seeing as how a key part of Cioran’s philosophy was that he disagreed with the premise of reason and traditional philosophy as a means of resolving life and explaining its reasonlessness, this approach arguably makes sense. To adequately argue for a philosophy of absurdity and reasonlessness, what better way is there than to write without priority for structure or reason? And in this sense, perhaps it would be more accurate to say that Cioran is sort of an antiphilosophy philosopher. Which perhaps nonetheless is, ironically, still a philosophy. According to what CAN be surmised of Cioran’s views, it is more or less death specifically that both causes the futility of life and possess the inevitable limit to all reason within it. However, in his most famous work, The Trouble with Being Born, he discusses how since death necessarily follows from birth, it is actually the memory of our birth that is the tragic problem of life, and not death in it of itself. The attempt to reason an understanding or solution to the consciousness awareness of death stemming from birth is thus both the driving force of philosophy, religion, and science, and simultaneously their collapsing force. The unbeatable opponent under which all reason, logic, and human effort crumble. And consequently, any philosophical attempt to do so, for Cioran, can only be a contemplation on failure. Broadly speaking, this concept would also become a fundamental tenant of his philosophy, often underpinning his ideas on the notion that human endeavors are almost always synonymous and fated with failure. What his work also seemed to parallel alongside this dread and nihilism, though, is the notion of accepting and playing into the absurdity of it all. Loving the absurd uselessness for what it is, how it is, and using it against itself, and living anyway. In the words of Cioran, “When all the current reasons—moral, esthetic, religious, social, and so on—no longer guide one's life, how can one sustain life without succumbing to nothingness? Only by a connection with the absurd, by love of absolute uselessness, loving something which does not have substance but which simulates an illusion of life. I live because the mountains do not laugh and the worms do not sing.” It is in this dive into the absurdity that Cioran seems to pose the question: can those who accept and embrace failure and disaster ever really fail or be struck by either?

Pessimism, in this sense, almost serves as a trump card. The last true failure being the failure of optimism. From there, we become, as he put it, “invincible victims.” There is a certain unique and important quality to the irony of Cioran’s work. As a sort of antiphilosophy philosopher who argued that life cannot be made or reasoned into any sort of reconciliation or meaningful benefit, he nonetheless did so by philosophizing. At least in some form. Nihilism, of which he is generally associated, denies the value of all things. But can a nihilist philosophy be expressed as a philosophy and remain a nihilist philosophy? In other words, can the premise and conclusion be that life is inherently meaningless, and that endeavoring and seeking reason is entirely futile, whilst simultaneously making this meaningful claim through creative action and, albeit subversive, providing reasons for it? Discussing or creatively expressing the notion that all is meaningless and void of reason is itself a creation of meaning out of the void motivated by the very void of reason. The process of forming meaning, it seems, can perhaps not be escaped, even by one the greatest so-called nihilists. And perhaps then, at bottom, Cioran is never really declaring true nihilism. There is the more obvious reading of Cioran, and perhaps others like him, that can reasonably come off as if it was created by someone who outright hates life and lives with a constant bitterness towards everyone and everything. But there is also another read that seemingly reveals a paradoxical reverence and embrace of life. Although Cioran might not have explicitly agreed with this, to speak of life with such candor in the way he did, to think it is worthy to be spoken of at all, to refuse to lie to it or about it, despite how dark or bleak it might be, perhaps suggests a certain hidden, but nonetheless deep admiration and acceptance of it. When asked once why he writes about such dismal topics in the way he does, Cioran said, “Everything that is formulated becomes more tolerable.” His work time and time again demonstrates this, revealing the perhaps vile and horribly unresolvable qualities of life, while simultaneously reveling the potential for redemption contained inside them. A worthiness of enduring, of thinking, of writing, of living life. Cursed with the gift of consciousness, we are all inescapably forced into the beautiful confrontation of the void and the absurd inevitability of creating  meaning and somethingness out of it. Cioran’s work is likely not for everyone, but for those whom it is, it is likely with a great degree. As all art and literature arguably should, his work attempts to reflect, with as much brute earnestness as possible, the things most of us know and feel but are often too scared or unsure to not only talk about but think about. He was one of the rare explorers willing, or perhaps forced into traveling through the depths of hell and heights of despair and then tell about it. Perhaps Cioran’s work can be seen simply as a collection of life-refusing nihilistic thoughts, or perhaps it can also be seen as an embodiment of the irrational but no less potent force of human creative consciousness at work; its ability to meaningfully endure even its own horrible conditions. And in this, in his works’ arguably successful confrontation and embracing of the sad, hopeless, and absurd parts of life, it serves as an enduring and important connection point into these often hidden but deeply shared human experiences, reminding us that we aren’t so alone and reassuring us with the comforting notion that, “I'm simply an accident. Why take it all so seriously?” - Emil Cioran.

The belief that meticulous preparation will bring about our desires is neither good nor bad in itself.

Imperishable Night had 4996 words. Kinda nice.

The bipolarly decentralized female genitalia: the breast and the vulva are literally symbols of the female body and are essential to the history of the sex industry.

Is the truth an event that has passed through all the baptisms of doubt?

Shamefully, I ended up showing myself a typical example of short-sighted behavioral choices: I ate a ridiculous amount of snacks in the early morning under the current conditions where the day/night cycle has turned early morning into de facto evening.

I showered then refreshed!

Why is negative narrative so prevalent in modern society?

Genuinely useful information should be the most personalised, shouldn't it?

What I am interested in now is primarily how broad a concept the sexual attraction of the female body encompasses. I believe it has been tested on the basis of various nominal preferences, but the boundaries are undefined. Knowing the outlines is a useful first step towards a comprehensive understanding.

In Japanese ethics there is righteousness and in Western ethics there is duty. Righteousness is emotional ethics and private, but duty is rational ethics and public. Righteousness is affectionate but unfair, duty is fair but unsympathetic. Righteousness is a family morality and duty is a national morality. Without a strong sense of duty, national government cannot be sustained forever. (Kanzo Uchimura, Money and God, etc.)

It's all too clear that the curved edge iPhone is more likely to slip out of your hand than the flat one. No doubt.

I feel a bit weird because I haven't had anything in my mouth for two hours since I woke up.

"I love neutrality": I think we can agree on the definition of neutrality before it is clarified.

>>55 Correction: I think we can agree on that until we have a clearer definition of neutrality.

A plane plummets out of the sky, a speed runner inexplicably jumps to a higher platform. What the? What the?! And an election recount is triggered. All because of the same invisible phenomenon that permeates the universe. On May 18th, 2003, voters in Belgium went to the polls. In many regions, voting was done on a computer, something the Belgians had been experimenting with for over a decade. But the system had a backup. Each voter would insert a magnetic card into the machine and make their selection on screen. Their vote was saved both to the computer and the magnetic card, which they dropped into a box for redundancy. Late that night, as the votes were being tabulated, one of the election officials detected a problem with the results from Schaerbeek, a municipality in central Brussels. Maria Vindevogel, a little known candidate with her own party received more votes than was mathematically possible. They knew this because of the way the preferential voting system works. So they took out the magnetic cards and started a recount. One by one, they fed each of them through the machines again, and after several hours, the recount was complete. The vote totals for every candidate were exactly the same as before, except for Maria Vindevogel. In her case, the recounted number of votes was less than the original by 4,096. So what went wrong? How had her original tally been inflated by over 4,000 votes? Computer experts were brought in to run extensive tests on the software. They combed through the code, but could find no bugs. They got the computer that had made the initial erroneous tally and tested the hardware again and again, but they could not replicate the error. Everything about the hardware seemed to be in perfect working order. And this left only one possible explanation and it is seriously weird. The clue comes from the excess number of votes Vindevogel received. 4,096. Computers work using binary, strings of zeros and ones, each corresponding to a power of two. So somewhere inside the computer tabulating all the votes was a string of bits representing the number of votes Maria received. It started the day all zeros, and then as each vote for her came in, it would increment by one. Physically, this is done by turning on a transistor for one and turning it off for zero. What's remarkable about the number 4,096 is that it is exactly a power of two. Two to the power of 12. That is the 13th bit. So for Maria Vindevogel to receive an extra 4,096 votes, only one thing needed to happen. The 13th bit had to flip from a zero to a one. But why would that happen? Computers work precisely because bits don't flip unless we want them to, or do they? Looking into the problem, Belgian investigators found reports of similar issues from big computer companies starting in the 1970s. In 1978, Intel reported some strange errors popping up in their 16 kilobit dynamic random access memory or DRAM. Ones would spontaneously flip to zeros with no apparent cause. The problem turned out to be the ceramic packaging the chip was encased in. With the demand for semiconductor packaging skyrocketing in the 1970s, a new manufacturing plant was constructed on the Green River in Colorado. Unfortunately, this site happened to be just downstream of an old uranium mill. Radioactive atoms made their way into the river and then into the ceramic packaging for Intel's microchips. Intel scientists investigating the problem found that even trace amounts of uranium and thorium in the ceramic were sufficient to cause problems. In their DRAM, memory was stored as the presence or absence of electrons in a semiconductor well.

The alpha particles emitted by uranium and thorium were energetic and ionizing enough to create electron hole pairs in the silicone. If an alpha particle is struck in just the right place, it could create a large number of free charge carriers causing electrons to accumulate in the well flipping a one to a zero. This is known as a single event upset, a type of soft error. The error is soft because the device hasn't been damaged. The bit has changed, but you could erase it and rewrite it with no problems. Investigators exposed the chips to alpha emitters with different levels of activity. And just as you'd expect, they found the number of bit flips directly correlated with the number of alpha particles the chip had been exposed to. The reason this problem was identified in the 1970s was because chip components had been miniaturized to the point where a single alpha particle could produce enough charge to flip a bit. Immediately, these findings attracted a lot of attention. Before the paper was published, it was widely circulated in the industry. And as a result, chip manufacturers were a lot more careful to avoid radioactive materials when producing their microchips and packaging. Therefore, the bit flip that gave Maria Vindevogel 4,096 extra votes wasn't caused by natural radioactivity in the computer. So where did it come from? After Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity with uranium in 1896, scientists sought a way to measure it. How radioactive were different materials? And one way to do this is with a gold leaf electrometer. When it's charged, the leaf is repelled and you can measure the amount of charge by the angle of the leaf. Now, if ionizing radiation enters the chamber, it rips electrons off air molecules, creating positive and negative charges. Opposite charges are attracted to the leaf, discharging it over time. The higher the level of ionizing radiation, the faster the device discharges. In 1910, Theodore Wolf took his electrometer to the top of the Eiffel Tower. Since radioactivity was found in the soil and rocks of earth, he expected that 300 meters up, the radiation would be just a few percent of the ground radiation. Instead he found only a slight decrease. In 1911, Austrian physicist Victor Hess decided to take this experiment further. Literally. He loaded electric scopes into the basket of a hydrogen balloon. In his first two flights, he observed the same thing as Wolf. Up to an altitude of 1100 meters, both trips revealed no fundamental change in radiation compared to the values observed on the ground. But the next year, he conducted seven balloon flights up to an altitude of 5,200 meters. And here he discovered something remarkable. While there was an initial drop in radiation for the first several hundred meters, above one kilometer or so the level increased with increasing altitude. At his maximum height, the level of radiation was several times greater than it was on the ground. The radiation appeared to be coming, not from the earth, but from the sky. Hess scheduled one of his balloon flights during a solar eclipse. And as the moon passed in front of the sun, he carefully watched his instruments. But the readings were unaffected. Even with the sun half covered, the level of radiation was the same. Since no influence of the eclipse on the penetrating radiation was noted, we conclude that even if a part of the radiation should be of cosmic origin, it hardly emanates from the sun. Victor Hess had discovered cosmic rays. High energy radiation from space. But what were these rays exactly and where were they coming from? Well, today we know they aren't electromagnetic rays as many suspected, but particles.

Around 90% are protons, 9% are helium nuclei, and 1% are heavier nuclei. Some of them are from the sun, but they have comparatively low energy. High energy cosmic rays moving very close to the speed of light come from exploding stars, supernova in our own galaxy and in others. And the highest energy particles are thought to come from black holes, including the super massive black holes at the centers of galaxies. But it's hard to pin down exactly where cosmic rays come from because as charged particles, they're deflected by magnetic fields in space. So they can wind their way through the universe for billions of years. A cosmic ray detected on October 15th, 1991 had an energy of 51 joules. That is a single subatomic particle with the energy of a baseball going a hundred kilometers per hour. For obvious reasons, it was dubbed the OMG particle. But primary cosmic rays like these don't make it down to earth's surface. Instead, they collide with air molecules around 25 kilometers above the ground and create new particles like pions. These collide and decay into other particles like neutrons, protons, muons, electrons, positrons and photons, which in turn collide with other air molecules in one long cascade. So from a single primary cosmic ray, comes a shower of particles streaming towards the earth. It is one of these particles that investigators suspect struck a transistor in a computer in Belgium, flipping the 13th bit from a zero to a one and giving Maria Vindevogel 4,096 extra votes. But how often do things like this happen? In 1911, Charles Wilson made it possible to see the cosmic rays all around us when he perfected his cloud chamber, an enclosure with super saturated water or alcohol vapor. When a cosmic ray passes through the chamber, it ionizes the gas causing vapor to condense into tiny droplets on the ions, revealing the path of the particle. Alpha particles, helium nuclei, leave short thick tracks while beta particles, electrons leave long skinny trails. In 1932, Carl Anderson identified a trail that looked like it was made by an electron, but in the applied magnetic field, it curved in the wrong direction. Implying it had a positive charge. Anderson had found the anti electron or positron. It was the first confirmed sighting of anti-matter. Four years later, also using a cloud chamber, he discovered the muon, again in cosmic rays. For his discovery of the positron, Anderson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1936. He shared the prize with Victor Hess, the man who discovered cosmic rays in the first place, invisible particles that affect our lives in ways most of us are oblivious to. This is possibly the rarest thing to ever happen in a video game. In 2013, user DOTA_Teabag was speed running Super Mario 64 on the console. In the level Tik Tok Clock, he suddenly up warps onto a higher platform. - [DOTA_Teabag] What the? - [Player] Did you get invisible wall? What? - Please say you got the--- - [DOTA_Teabag] No, that was the craziest thing I've ever seen though. - [Narrator] The move shaves off a few seconds and it seems like a newly discovered glitch in the game that could give speed runners and edge. User PenandCook12 put out a $1,000 bounty for anyone who could replicate the up warp. But so far, after six years, no one has been able to. The best explanation anyone can come up with is that a cosmic ray caused the glitch. It's been shown that a single bit flipped in the first bite of Mario's height co-ordinate could have caused the effect.

On the main level, the bite was 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1. But if you flip the last one to a zero, it changes his vertical position. And just by chance, this new height coincides with the higher floor. PenandCook12 wrote a script to manually flip the bit at the right moment and was able to achieve the same up warp. This is a particularly visible bit flip, but the truth is cosmic rays are triggering bit flips all the time. - An upset there, transient there can alter the function of these devices and we call that a single event functional interrupt. So an entire process can hang. So a blue screen of death that you get might actually have been a neutron or whatnot. - [Derek] When people see the blue screen of death, could that be caused by a cosmic ray? - Absolutely. - These days, there are a number of ways computer chips are made resilient in the face of bit flips like error correction code or ECC memory. But you can't totally prevent bit flips from happening. In 1996, IBM estimated that for each 256 megabytes of RAM, one bit flip occurs per month. And the main culprit seems to be neutrons created in the shower of particles from cosmic rays. Starting in 2009, Toyota recalled millions of vehicles due to the problem of unintended acceleration. - We were in the fast lane driving at about 70, and he said that the car was continuing to accelerate and he couldn't bring it to a stop. - Many speculated that cosmic ray induced bit flips in the electronic control system were the cause. So much so that NASA was called in to help with the investigation. But it turns out, cosmic rays were probably not the culprit. NASA identified as the main causes, sticky accelerator pedals, poorly fitted floor mats and most commonly, drivers pushing on the accelerator thinking it was the brake. But cosmic rays have caused crashes of supercomputers, especially at higher elevations. Los Alamos National Labs located 2200 meters above sea level is constantly dealing with neutron induced supercomputer crashes. So the software auto saves frequently and neutron detectors have been installed throughout the facility. If you go even higher, like climbing up to cruising altitude in a plane, you can see the radiation from cosmic rays increasing on a Geiger counter. To .5 microsieverts per hour at 18,000 feet. Up to one microsieverts per hour at 23,000 feet. Over two microsieverts per hour at 33,000 feet. And over three microsieverts per hour at even higher altitudes and towards the poles. At cruising altitude, this increases the chance of a single event upset by 10 to 30 times. This isn't critical if it happens in your laptop, but what if it occurs in the flight computer? On October 7th, 2008, an Airbus A330 took off from Singapore to Perth. Just over three hours into the flight, the plane suddenly pitched down diving 200 meters in 20 seconds. Inside the plane, everyone experienced negative 0.8 Gs of acceleration. It would have felt like the plane had flipped over. - The G-Force was enough, even with our three point harness to lift us both out of the seat and push us forward as well. - Minutes later, the plane dropped another 120 meters. 119 people on board were injured, many from bumping their heads into the ceiling. So the pilots decided to make an emergency landing in Learmonth. In the investigation that followed, the fault seem to occur with the first air data inertial reference unit, or ADIRU for short. This computer supplies critical data like airspeed, angle of attack and altitude. The way it supplies each of these pieces of information is in a 32 bit binary word. The first eight bits identify the type of information and bits 11 to 29 encode the actual data. What seems to have happened is that a bit flip in the first eight bits meant altitude information was mislabeled as angle of attack information.

Inside the cockpit, alarms went on for over speed and stall simultaneously, something that should be impossible. But the plane nose down sharply to correct what it thought was a stall, throwing passengers and crew into the ceiling. Investigators looked into software bugs, software corruption, a hardware fail, physical environment factors and electromagnetic interference. But each of these possibilities was found to be unlikely based on multiple sources of evidence. The other potential triggering event was a single event effect resulting from a high energy atmospheric particle striking one of the integrated circuits within the CPU module. One of the challenges with single event upsets is that they are soft errors. They don't leave a trace, but interestingly, the Airbus A330 was built in 1992 when there were no specific regulatory or aircraft manufacturer requirements for airborne systems to be resilient to single event effects. With the space shuttle, redundancy was built in from the start. For navigation and control, there were four computers simultaneously running identical software. If one computer had a soft error, the other three would overrule it. And using this setup, they could also track the frequency of bit flips. On one five day mission, STS 48, there were 161 separate bit flips. Above the atmosphere, cosmic rays are so energetic sometimes you can even see them. - Once in a while you have your eyes closed and you're not asleep yet. And if you wait a little while, you occasionally will see a flash of light. And we think it is heavy particles or individual bursts of energy coming from radiation that are either going through the eyeball itself or going through the optic nerve. And they, the way that your body registers radiation going through it is amazingly enough by showing you a little flash in one of your eyes, just to remind you that you are subject to the radiation of not only our sun, but every star of the universe, that is radiating at you. I picture back to the first astronauts who must have closed their eyes and seen that radiation and gone, "I'm not going to tell anybody about this "because no one's told me about it. "I'm not talking." I can just imagine the first two guys that said, "Hey, I am, "sometimes I see flashes of light. "Do you see flashes of light?" And then it's, "Oh, we all see flashes of light." "Oh, okay, well, that's all right then." (narrator laughing) - [Narrator] For missions to other planets, protecting electronics is critical. - If a single bit of information controls a critical function on your spacecraft, let's say your thrusters, and that goes from a one to is zero, from a on to off, or vice versa, you could lose the mission. - [Narrator] That's why the computer on the Perseverance Rover that just landed on Mars is 20 years old. It's a power PC launched in 2001 with only 256 megabytes of Ram and two gigabytes of flash storage. But it is radiation hardened, meaning the design, materials, circuits and software are built to withstand 40 times the radiation of an ordinary computer. It's been used on over a dozen space missions going back to 2005. - In fact, when we first started doing the power PC testing years ago, the way we did it, we just simply stuck an operating system processor in a beam line where we generate these particles on the planet and look for blue screens of death. You can kind of figure out what's going wrong and try to undo that. So you don't get to the blue screen of death because a spacecraft that gets into that mode is basically unrecoverable. - As the Voyager 1 spacecraft departed the solar system, one of the ways we could tell was by an increase in the flux of cosmic rays it experienced. Although on earth, the particles streaming from the sun and the solar wind are a source of radiation, further out these same particles maintain protective bubble. The heliosphere. It helps deflect and slow cosmic rays from interstellar space protecting the solar system from ionizing radiation.

But the sun has an 11 year activity cycle. So this protection fluctuates. The flux of cosmic rays on earth is much lower when the sun is active than when it's dormant. In the history of our planet, cosmic rays may have played an even larger role flipping bits, not in electronics, but in the genetic codes of living organisms, providing some of the variation on which natural selection acts. Maria Vindevogel is now a member of the Belgium Chamber of Representatives, elected by people, not a particle, but her story is a reminder of the zillions of particles winding their way through the universe for millions or billions of years. One of which might at any moment, change your life by passing through a tiny transistor and cra.... (electronic disturbance) Discovering the origin of cosmic rays or where 4,096 extra votes came from or how to protect the Mars Rover from radiation requires problem solving, which is a perishable skill. And the best way to keep your problem solving skills sharp is to solve a diverse range of problems, which you can do with the sponsor of this video, Brilliant. Brilliant is a website and app that teaches you STEM concepts in an interactive way. They have courses on topics from applied computer science to special relativity. Two courses I would recommend if you enjoyed this video, are computer memory and algorithm fundamentals. Brilliant have really upped their interactivity recently. So instead of reading about algorithms, you're taught how to write algorithms yourself. Brilliant engages you in active learning. Instead of telling you the right answer, they allow you to figure it out for yourself with plenty of helpful hints and guidance along the way. And for viewers of this channel, Brilliant is offering 20% off an annual subscription to the first 200 people to sign up. Just go to brilliant.org/veritasium. I'll put that link down in the description. So I want to thank Brilliant for supporting Veritasium and I want to thank you for watching.

Why is negative narrative so prevalent in modern society?

Is it wrong to stylise a sentence in the translation process? Maybe it's also a question of degree.

If my son doesn't become independent, it's not good for him or for me. Supporting independence is not a correction.

If you can't use it as it is, maybe you can refer to it.

My scrotum is consistently flaccid, even though my penis is capable of becoming erect enough to masturbate. Wouldn't this be trivia?

Never before in human history have we been richer, more advanced or powerful. And yet we feel overwhelmed in the face of rapid climate change. It seems simple on the surface. Greenhouse gases trap energy from the Sun and transfer it to our atmosphere. This leads to warmer winters, harsher summers. Dry places become drier and wet places wetter. Countless ecosystems will die while the rising oceans swallow coasts and the cities we build on them. So why don’t we just like… prevent all of that? Well, it’s complicated. The public debate about stopping rapid climate change often focuses on a few key features, like coal plants, cars or burping cows. And so the solutions are often simplistic – rows of solar panels, biking to work, something something sustainability. And a huge talking point is personal responsibility. How YOU should change your lifestyle to prevent rapid climate change, which we will find out together in the next few minutes. This is one of those videos where we want to encourage you to watch to the end, because to discuss real doable solutions, we first need to understand the problem. A Fuller Picture Modern industrial society as we constructed it in the last 150 years, is inherently destructive to the planet. Basically everything we do to make our lives easier, safer and more comfortable is making things worse for the biosphere. The food we eat, the streets we walk on, the clothes we wear, the gadgets we use, the way we move around and the pleasant temperatures we artificially create around us. While most people know about the serious impact of energy, beef, cars and planes, many major polluters are barely ever talked about. The emissions leaking out of landfills are as significant as the emissions of all the jets in the air. More CO2 is released to run our homes than from all cars combined. And the emissions produced when making a new car is equivalent to building just two metres of road. So it is nice to switch to electric cars but they won’t solve anything if we keep building roads the same way. Fixing one small part of the industrial system is not enough. Each of the many different parts needs its own solution and many of them aren’t straight forward. But even where we know what to do, just because a solution exists doesn’t mean we are able or willing to implement it. There are many gray areas in the fight against rapid climate change, the most prominent one is the divide between rich and poor. Emissions vs poverty There is a clear connection between the prosperity of a nation and its carbon emissions. In other words, richer people tend to cause more emissions. So the key to fixing climate change is simply for the world’s richest to cut back on their extravagant lifestyles right? While this would help, it wouldn’t make the problem go away. This is because 63% of global emissions come from low to middle income countries. Countries where most people are not living extravagantly but are trying to escape poverty at worst, and achieve a comfortable lifestyle at best. The unfortunate reality is that, currently, escaping poverty and becoming middle class creates unavoidable emissions. So asking developing countries to cut emissions just looks like an attempt to keep them down. It is very hard to argue that a region should protect their primeval forests and spend money on solar panels instead of burning wood, when it can’t meet basic needs for significant parts of its population. So, cutting back is not a popular demand, especially if the countries making these demands got rich by causing environmental damage in the past. For billions of people, more emissions are a good thing personally. When we forget about this, we tend to propose unworkable solutions. Take concrete. 8% of CO2 emissions are released by the concrete manufacturing industry.

Ok cool, stop using concrete, right? But right now, concrete is also a cheap and easy way for growing populations in developing countries to build affordable housing. And there are many examples like that. Even rich countries aren’t immune from disagreeing about rapid climate change solutions. Banning coal, gas and oil from the energy mix is slowed down by heated discussions about what should replace them. Citizens can be strictly against nuclear power but also oppose wind or solar infrastructure in their backyards. In principle all of these issues can be overcome – but there are things we don’t currently know how to overcome. The most problematic one is food. Emit or Die We will soon need to feed 10 billion people, and we don’t know how to do that without emitting greenhouse gases. Because of the nature of modern food production that requires fertilizers or manure, it is impossible to have zero-emissions food. Rice alone emits so much methane each year that it practically equals the emissions of all the air traffic in the world. What’s worse is that the foods we like the most emit the most. 57% of food emissions come from animal-based foods, although they make up only 18% of the world’s calories, and 37% of its protein. And as people across the world grow richer, they want more meat. Traditional diets in most cultures were primarily plant based with a little meat on top. But with the rise of industrial style meat production and factory farming, meat has become a staple food; a regular indulgence in developed countries and a symbol of status and wealth in developing countries. Today about 40 percent of the world’s habitable land is used for meat production in some form or another, the size of North and South America combined. This is land on which we could otherwise allow native ecosystems to regrow, like forests in the Amazon, and suck carbon out of the atmosphere, but instead most of it is used to feed animals. The available solutions are uniquely able to make everybody on the political spectrum, rich or poor, unhappy. Meat is highly emotional and there are a lot of whataboutism arguments floating around, like comparing it to the worst sources of emissions. In the end it is pretty simple: eating less meat alone won’t stop climate change, but we also can’t stop climate change without eating less meat. The same holds true for other things that are less crucial to our survival but frankly not realistic to make go away. Like air travel, oversea shipping, mining and the production of devices that play youtube videos. So what does this mean? Do we need to give up our way of life and can the poor never achieve it? Can’t some technology save us so we can continue to drive our big cars and eat meat every day? Solutions vs Expenses In principle, this technology already exists: Direct Air Capture of CO2 draws carbon dioxide from the air so that it can be stored underground or transformed into products. So why aren’t we implementing it in every industry, everywhere? Because with the technology we have right now, this would cost some ten trillion dollars per year, or half the United States’ GDP. This money has to come from somewhere and currently no-one is offering it. Just dumping these costs on massive polluters like steel mills and coal power stations would double the cost of their products – and so these industries that operate on very tight profit margins would go bankrupt. Getting the government to pay for it seems logical but a lot of state resources are actually tied up doing the opposite, like subsidizing oil and gas. Which seems counter intuitive but follows clear incentives. By artificially keeping fuel prices low, shipping and everyday goods are kept artificially cheap too. Which has a major social impact on billions of people around the world. That creates political lobbies and incentives that perpetuate this cycle that makes it so hard to cut off fossil fuel production.

Meanwhile, very costly solutions for a far-off problem like carbon capture seem like they can wait, as technically nobody benefits from it right now. Some argue that a move away from capitalism is the only solution to this mess, others insist that markets should be even freer, without any interventions like subsidies and some suggest that we need what’s referred to as “degrowth” and to cut back as a species overall. But the truth is at least as of now, no political system is doing an impressive job at becoming truly sustainable and none have really done so in the past. We also don’t have the time to figure this out and do a lot of experiments. We must implement solutions now. Not just to halt the release of all possible greenhouse gases, but also to start reducing the amount of CO2 in the air. It’s too late to just mend our ways, we have to actively correct our past mistakes. With every year we waste, more extreme changes will be unavoidable. Ok. Let’s take a deep breath. Rapid climate change and the world we live in are complicated. So here is where YOU, dear viewer, come in again. Could YOU please fix the climate? A narrative of our time is that we are all responsible for rapid climate change. That everyone needs to play their part. Why don’t you buy a new electric car? Why don’t you replace your gas stove with an electric one? How about you double glaze your windows, stop eating meat and switch off your lights? Shifting responsibility from the largest carbon emitters to the average person, you, is much easier to do than solving problems. There’s an extra bonus if solving rapid climate change sells a new product. If you don’t have the money or time for these things, you should feel bad. It’s an effective message because it is true. The quickest way to cut CO2 emissions would be if all rich populations on Earth drastically changed their lifestyles and if the people on the rise would not seek to achieve it. Favouring the climate over comfort and wealth. If you are able to watch this video, this includes you. But we’ve just witnessed a global experiment in staying at home, not using transport and consuming less during the coronavirus pandemic. And all it did was reduce CO2 emissions by 7% for 2020. Asking average people to solve rapid climate change breaks down when we look at the scale of the problem. Personal contributions toward reducing greenhouse gas emissions are nice, but they are dwarfed by the systemic reality of global emissions. The concept of your personal carbon footprint was popularized by the oil producer BP in a 2005 ad campaign. Arguably one of the most effective and sinister pieces of propaganda that still seriously distracts all of us from the reality of the situation. If you eliminated 100% of your emissions for the rest of your life, you would save one second’s worth of emissions from the global energy sector. Even the most motivated person can’t even make a tiny dent. When we put together the dangers of rapid climate change, the scale of emissions and the lack of consensus over how to solve it, the challenge seems insurmountable. It can cause decision fatigue and moral licensing, where you no longer feel bad about behaving in a counter productive way. We have struggled a long time with this, which is why this video took us so long to make. So. What can you actually do? There are many different takes and they are passionately discussed. We don’t know who is right, so we can only offer you the Kurzgesagt perspective and opinion. Opinion Part: What can you ACTUALLY do? We need a different way to think and talk about rapid climate change. An all-encompassing systemic approach, nothing less than changing the fundamentals of our modern industrial societies. As discussed in frustrating length, the personal responsibility angle is overplayed. For systemic changes in technology, politics and the economy of this magnitude, we need to influence the people at the levers.

Politicians need to know and feel strongly that the people care, that their own success depends on tackling rapid climate change. When governments and local politicians are reluctant to change laws that affect their biggest tax contributors or campaign donors, we need to vote them out and vote in people who respect science. We need to hold them accountable for implementing the most effective climate change strategies. Not waste our time with things like banning plastic straws but by moving the big levers: Food, transportation and energy while not forgetting the smaller ones like cement or construction. When industries fight against changing their ways, for fear of losses or in an honest attempt to protect their own, we need politicians to change the laws and incentivise the deployment of existing technologies and massively invest in innovation for the fields where we don’t have great solutions yet. There is no reason that the profit interests of industries could not match the need to reduce carbon emissions as much as possible. And if they still don’t cooperate harsh punishments and regulation need to force or bankrupt them. It's still unrealistic that change of that scope can be forced onto a worldwide economy quickly enough, because many low carbon technologies still need a lot of time and research – which means they are expensive. But more companies will make more efficient carbon capture systems, tasty meat alternatives, better batteries, cement alternatives and so on, if there is a clear and growing demand. And if you are affluent enough, you can do your part by investing in these things right now while they're still expensive. These are the mechanisms that will drive the prices down later on. So this is basically what you can do. Vote at the ballot, vote with your wallet. There are too many opposing interests and complicated grey zones. In the end if we truly get the systemic change we need, everybody will be unhappy about some aspect of it. Only if we all accept that some solutions will have negative impacts for us, can we have an honest conversation and make progress. Everybody will be a little unhappy. And that is ok. This is the best you can do. You can deal with the reality of the situation and promote your priorities through your behaviour and your actions. And while you do so, you can eat less meat, fly less or get an electric car. Not because you should feel guilty if you don’t or because you naively believe that you alone can stop rapid climate change – but to do your tiny, tiny part for the systemic change we need. This video was supported by Gates Notes, the personal blog of Bill Gates, where he writes about global health, climate change, and more. Check out gatesnotes.com to learn more about ways the world can work together to reach zero greenhouse gas emissions, or use the link below. And in the spirit of transparency, if you want to learn more about how we handle Sponsorships like this one, we also have a medium article describing how we do it.

We have to live as people born in a country of losers and it is important and beneficial for us individually and for this country to be aware of this.

What's up?

The driving ideology that has shaped the history of religious development is to be as logically invincible as it can be. Whatever it is.

Poetry is one of the most effective ways to compress information, I guess.

A disturbed lifestyle creates a disturbance in the autonomic nervous system, which inhibits all production behaviors including cooking rice.

"I've never seen someone with strabismus before! Do they still have bad vision?" - I feel that I have slight exotropia, but I have never had any particular problem with my vision.

"Instant miso soup is the best!" - I don't really like instant miso soup, and I don't consume it on a daily basis, but that's because I'm brazenly dependent on this minimal community. You probably live off the money you earn.

The fact that you can only unlock security with facial recognition is purely a handicap. There are times when I'm glad I have in-screen fingerprint recognition, but never when I'm glad I don't. It should definitely be on.

And yet, it's still not available in 13. It doesn't make sense anymore. I don't care if you're obsessed with face recognition, but I really want fingerprint recognition too.

The reason why sexual activity is one of the most widespread forms of entertainment is because motivation is automatically generated in the brain.

Please don't cry in front of my prostate.

Dishonesty comes from desperation.

Well, I think it was a reasonable reimbursement.

This is more realistic, I guess.

Mr. Slow Internet: I have the impression that your problem is probably of a solvable kind.

>>85
Sorry, I shouldn't have used a colon.
Correction: Mr. Slow Internet - I have the impression that your problem is probably of a solvable kind.
Wait, I feel like this is wrong too, but I don't know what to do.

I'll hyphenate for the time being.

[Verification] I tried to live by sipping muddy water! - If I had been able to recognise and advise you sooner, I might have been able to stop your heinous act.

Apparently, as far as I can observe, fappable content requires a certain immorality.

To be honest I'm starting to get fed up with bicycles and increasingly see them as an inefficient means of transport, especially in city centres. A significant contribution to this is the constant squeaking noise from around the front wheel of my bike while driving.

From birth we have been educated to turn away from the tremendous sin that everything we see is an accumulation of the embodiment of the human ego.

One person was very interested in my story "I recently realized that if I use pictures of characters as the object of my study, I will never be able to write a theory of character pictures", so I mentioned fappability and zero-fappability and said "In short, 'Moe' is a concept in the field of literature and art, and that it is impossible to make a rational analysis in the field of visual art research without introducing "fappability", he listened to me with great interest, which may have increased my motivation to write a book about “fappability”.

Source: https://twitter.com/pinetree1981/status/1201044260541218818

Every action is just a way to postpone the other actions.

If I die one of these days and something asks me what I think of my life, I'll probably say “it was itchy as hell.”

The largest things in the universe are black holes. In contrast to things like planets or stars they have no physical size limit, and can literally grow endlessly. Although in reality specific things need to happen to create different kinds of black holes, from really tiny ones to the largest single things in the universe. So how do black holes grow and how large is the largest of them all? This video will not discuss how black holes work or how they form since we’ve looked at that in detail in our black hole and neutron star series, you can check them out afterwards. For now we are interested in finding the largest thing in the universe. Let us start really, really small. Primordial Black holes The smallest kind of black holes may or may not exist. If they do, they are probably the oldest objects in the universe, older even than atoms. They would have formed just after the big bang, when the universe was so dense with violent energy, that any tiny pocket that was just slightly more dense than its neighbors could produce a black hole. The smallest Primordial Black Hole that could still be around would be a trillion kilograms or so, the mass of a big mountain. And yet they would be no bigger than a proton. A Primordial Black hole with the mass of earth would barely be larger than a coin. This makes them very hard to find, so we haven’t actually observed any yet – if they exist they may even be the mysterious dark matter that holds galaxies together. Let’s move on to the kinds of black holes that we know for sure ARE out there. Stellar Black Holes To make a black hole we need to compress enough matter so that it collapses into itself. After that, the more mass we throw at it, the larger it becomes. In today's universe, only the most violent cosmic events can create the necessary conditions, such as the merger of neutron stars or when the core of a very massive star collapses in a supernova. To have a unit to work with here, we’ll use the mass of our sun, about 2 million trillion trillion kilograms. The smallest known black hole has 2.7 times the mass of the sun which works out as a sphere around 16 km in diameter, large enough to cover Paris. Another lightweight black hole is the companion to the V723 Mon red giant star. This star is 24 times larger than our sun, 30 million kilometer in diameter. And yet, it is thrown around by a tiny black hole just 17.2 km wide. This tiny thing bullying the star is so much smaller that we can barely even show them in comparison. One of the largest known stellar black holes is M33 X-7. It currently spends its time eating a 70 solar mass blue giant, bit by bit. As all that stolen matter circles towards the black hole, like water going down a drain, friction heats it up to temperatures high enough to shine 500,000 times brighter than our Sun! And yet, X-7 is ‘only’ 15.65 solar masses and 92 km wide, just big enough to cast a shadow on Corsica. To grow much larger, black holes have to either devour a lot of stars or better, merge with one another. The instruments that make it possible to detect these mergers are very new so we are currently discovering a lot of exciting things. Like two massive black holes that we detected in a galaxy 17 billion lightyears away. As they spun around each other violently, they released more energy in the form of gravitational waves than the combined light from all the stars in the milky way in 4400 years. The new black hole they formed is about the size of Germany and is 142 solar masses. And here we hit a curious gap in scale. There are lots of black holes up to 150 solar masses. And then there is nothing for a long time. Until we suddenly hit black holes, that are millions of times more massive. Which is a bit confusing, because we had this idea that black holes are consistently growing and growing. But for the most massive black holes this process is not fast enough to explain their existence today. The universe is simply not old enough for these supermassive black holes to have formed by eating stars and merging with each other.

Something else must have happened. To explain how we got the largest black holes in the universe, we might need the largest stars that ever existed: Quasi Stars. To get a sense of scale, we can compare them to the largest stars that exist today. Our Sun is like a grain of sand next to them. We don’t know if Quasi Stars actually existed but they are an interesting concept when it comes to supercharging black hole development. The idea is that the matter in the early universe was so dense that quasi stars could grow to thousands of times the mass of our sun. The cores of these stars might have been crushed by their own weight so much to actually collapse into black holes while the star was still forming. In contrast to stars today that would destroy themselves in the process, inside quasi stars, a deadly balance could emerge. Gravity pressed the supermassive star together, feeding the black hole and heating the material falling in to such a degree that the radiation pressure kept the star stable. And so these quickly growing black holes might have been able to consume the quasi star for millions of years and grow far bigger than any modern stellar black hole. Black holes several thousand times the mass of the Sun and wider than the entire earth. These black holes might have become the seeds for supermassive black holes. Supermassive black holes So now, we arrive at the kings of our universe, the largest single bodies in existence. The centers of most galaxies contain a super massive black hole, and they are monstrous. In the Milky Way we have Sagittarius A Star, a super massive black hole with about 4 million solar masses that is calm and collected and just does its thing. We know it sits there because we can see a number of stars being thrown around by a seemingly empty spot. And despite its incredible mass, it’s radius is still only 17 times our sun. Smaller than most giant stars, but millions of times more massive. Because Supermassive black holes are so massive and located at the center of galaxies, many people imagine them as being a bit like the Sun in the solar system. An anchor that glues everything else together and forces it into an orbit. But this is a misconception. While the sun makes up 99.86% of all the mass in the solar system, SuperMassive Black Holes usually only have 0.001% of the mass of their galaxy. The billions of stars in galaxies are not gravitationally bound to them, instead it is the gravitational effect of dark matter which holds them together. Many supermassive black holes aren’t gentle giants, especially when they are feeding on the clouds of mass in their galaxy. The one at the center of the BL Lacertae galaxy is devouring so much material that it produces jets of plasma accelerated to nearly the speed of light. If Earth were orbiting this huge body, it would seem 115 times larger than our Sun in the sky… and we’d be burnt to a crisp in seconds by its glowing hot accretion disk. At this point black holes become so large that stars seem ridiculously tiny compared to them. The galaxy Cygnus A has a super massive black hole with 2.5 billion solar masses and 14.7 billion km wide, which would mean that if it took the place of our Sun, it would swallow all the planets and stretch halfway to the edge of our Solar System. It is devouring so much mass and material that it churns its disk into a kind of magnetic funnel, spewing gas out making tremendous radio lobes, towering over the galaxy, half a million light years in diameter. That is 2.5 Milkyways wide. Another pretty large Super Massive Black hole sits in the galaxy Messier 87. It has 6.5 billion solar masses and was the first black hole we got an actual photo of. Or rather of the glowing gas around the edge of a menacing shadow. This sphere of darkness is so large that it covers our entire Solar System. And yet, there is a scale even above these kinds of objects... Ultramassive black holes Now we reach the most massive black holes, perhaps the largest single bodies that will ever exist.

These black holes have eaten so much that they've grown to tens of billions of solar masses, their gravity the engine for a ‘quasar’- an accretion disk shining brighter than thousands of galaxies full of stars. So massive that they deserve a title of their own - Ultramassive Black Holes. The Ultra Massive Black Hole at the center of galaxy OJ 287 is 18 billion solar masses. It is so big that it has a Super Massive black hole, nearly forty times larger than sagittarius A star, orbiting it! This thing defies imagination and is really hard to compare to anything. It can comfortably fit three Solar Systems side by side inside of it. Let us end this insane competition and get to the king of kings. TON 618, a black hole that we can observe consuming galaxies worth of matter is shining with the brightness of a hundred trillion stars, visible from 18 billion light years away. It has an incredible 66 billion solar masses. A black hole so large that it would take light a week to reach the singularity after crossing the event horizon. About 11 Solar Systems could sit inside of it side by side. It may very well be the largest single body in the universe. But in reality, it is probably even larger. Since TON 618 is so far away, we only see what it looked like 10 billion years ago. In any case, black holes are scary and mysterious and gigantic. They will be here after everything else dies, and growing larger and larger. So now let us do the trip again. From the smallest possible black hole, all the way up to the largest. Let’s try something new today, we can call it: “Behind the Lies” a short behind the scenes bit about the necessary inaccuracies in this video because it's really not actually possible to rank black holes like trading cards. How so? Well, while we have catalogued millions of stars, we really only have good data on a couple of dozen black holes. That’s because black hole gazing wasn’t really a thing until 50 years ago – and technically still isn’t, because we can’t see black holes. We can only derive their properties from studying their gravitational effects on the matter around them, like the orbit of stars that come close to them. This effect depends on the mass of the black hole, which we can approximate at the most basic level with Kepler’s Laws. But this comes with huge uncertainties and error bars. Then we have to convert mass to size next, which brings new uncertainties. For example, we calculated the radius from the mass using the Schwarzschild equation which for the sake of simplicity assumes black holes are perfectly round and don’t spin: a kind of black hole that doesn’t really exist. The reality is that physics on these scales is a bit fuzzy. So some of the black holes we talked about here may be way smaller or way bigger. We just don’t know for sure. We shimmied around this problem by comparing different sources with different kinds of values and using different mass calculations to arrive at a standardized list that allowed us to be as accurate as humanly possible. You can look at all of this in our source doc. As a result this script was written with the tears of experts we drove crazy with our obsession for the best values they could live with. In this process, tons of stuff got cut and didn’t make it into the final video – but luckily we found a way to not waste all of it: We created a lot of black hole merch, spanning the whole range from somewhat bonkers to more serious. This way we get to explore a topic from different angles – and you get to continue having fun with black holes after this video ends.

I'm Merek Reichman. [dramatic music] And I'm now gonna talk you through all the Aston Martin cars that appear in the James Bond movies. I'm an industrial designer and I trained as an automotive designer. Wanted to be a designer all my life. And have been designing Aston Martin's for 15 years. [raucous music] DB5, "Goldfinger," 1964. It was an evolution of the DB4, very successful car for us, used in racing. But it was very mechanical in a way. And the consumer wanted more luxury, bigger seats, electric windows. Therefore the wheelbase had to grow and the car needed more power. Beauty comes through proportion. The body to window height, the overall length to the length of the cabin, the width of the car to the grill, all fit within the golden proportion. - You'll be using this Aston Martin DB5 with modifications. Now pay attention, please. - It's so difficult to pick a favorite gadget from the car, but a few I gotta mention, the wheel spinners and the bulletproof shield. But really the tracking system, which was a form of satellite navigation system, way back in '64, advanced technology. We were inspired by the anniversary of "Goldfinger" to make some continuation cars. So we made 25 continuation DB5s, that have all of the gadgets that you would see in the movie. The only thing that was missing was the actual ejector seat system and an opening roof. One year later, it was 1965, and "Thunderball" featuring the DB5 again. "Goldfinger" made DB5 a huge success. By the time we got to "Thunderball" DB5 was going out of production because we oversold. We could only make 11 cars a week, and there was a demand for 50. There were no differences between the DB5 in "Goldfinger" and "Thunderball." It was a year later, and actually we'd only just started production of the DB5. So it was so successful in the prior movie that it was used again, and there were no differences. Same color, same color interior. "On Her Majesty's Secret Service," 1969, with the Aston Martin DBS. Bill Towns, or William Towns, was a designer, like myself, for Aston Martin. And was responsible for the Aston Martin DBS and some of the Lagondas. One of the leaders really, and a hero of mine, because he brought some of the Americana type design to the UK. The layout with this brilliant engine in the front, and where you sit relative to the engine, makes the car and gives it that presence. But it had real power. [engine rumbling] I like all of the movies. I particularly like this one because of the change of pace, the change of scenery, the lighting, the actor, the gadgets on either car. The DBS didn't have gadgets because the car itself was the gadget. It was an incredibly modern, powerful car. A new generation of Aston Martins. But it did have an ArmaLite AR-7 in the glove box. [man yelling] [dynamic music] "Diamonds are Forever," 1971, and briefly, the Aston Martin DBS. The DBS appears in "Diamonds are Forever" with rocket missiles being loaded into the bonnet. It doesn't appear driving in the movie at all. "The Living Daylights," in 1987, with the V8 Volante. After an absence of eight films, "The Living Daylights" featured the Aston Martin V8 Volante, in 1987. There is a little bit of confusion about the actual car that was in "The Living Daylights" because it starts life as a V8 Volante, which is a retracting soft top, so an open-top car. But it gets winterized, i.e. it becomes a coupe. - Mind your head. - Then it becomes the coupe version, so a V8. The V8 can be driven in snowy and icy conditions. The addition of winter tires, spike tires, would allow Bond to drift and drive the car beautifully on snow and ice. The retractable outriggers is probably the only request we haven't had for any of our cars. We've had lots of requests for many other things, obviously ballistic protection, stowage of weapons, et cetera. But no one's ever asked for outriggers. I do think absence makes the heart grow fonder.

I still have a backward view of Uba Yoshiyuki's work, and I think that is mainly due to his creative attitude. Also, the characters' faces might be a little too big.

To tell you the truth, I'm pretty pissed off because I have two mouth sores on the back of my lower lip that haven't healed in a couple of days.

If this situation continues for some time, we are in danger of having to resort to force before we can issue a statement of guilt. This means that we may have to present you with a dizzying monstrosity of pleasure in the name of the person who run this place.

We call the methodical use of certain meanings, which are central to phenomenological clarification, formal pronouncements. Phenomena are seen in the light of, and in the direction of, the meanings in which formal pronouncements are embedded. What must be understood from the methodological reflection is why the formal statement, though it leads the reflection, still does not bring into the matter any pre-established view.

In the conduct of this formally indicative question, theoretical and conceptual preconceptions and conventions inherited from some philosophical position, theoretically formed in some way in relation to the 'ego' or 'self', must not be active.

Philosophy is basic and concrete, so it is not surprising that the masses, who hate the concrete and prefer the basic, are bewildered.

Subtle and literally iconic. Love it.

I'm very pleased to see majiko's update, but unfortunately it has only been about 7 hours since the last masturbation, so I cannot review it immediately. I will do it as soon as I recover.

>>106 Sorry, this explanation is inadequate. I'll get on with it as soon as I'm feeling better physically and mentally.

The more we seek freedom, the further away from it we get.

Farting a lot feels good.

I'm not sure if this is a good idea or not, but I think it's a good idea. I'm not sure what to make of it, but I'm sure it's a good idea. It's important to note that I don't normally eat beef, but I really want a thick steak. I'm sure you've heard of it, but I'm not sure if you've seen it or not. I think it was a 400g thigh, coated with sodium fondamate and salted to taste [music] Okay, 30 minutes on the timer, 30 minutes to let the flavors soak in, 30 minutes of service, 30 minutes of waiting while I eat my latest diet snack, my favorite baby cheese, with almonds, by the way. I think they are the best, but there are premium and normal black almonds. I don't know why my local supermarket sells them for 100 yen for four, but the premium ones have more stuff and are better, and I think they are almost sugar free, so I think they are great for dieting, and I eat a lot of them, but I don't know why I can't lose weight. I'm not sure what's wrong with my body, but it's a wonder the human body works the way it does. I'm sure you'll be able to find something that works for you. In the event that you have any questions regarding where by and how to use it, you can call us at the web site. I'm on a diet and I don't want to eat fat if I can help it. 2 [music] I bake it in the best oven in the water Invert for about 15 minutes at 150 degrees. I'm sure you'll be able to find something that works for you. I'm not sure what to make of it, but I'm sure it's a good idea. I'm sure you'll be able to find something to suit your needs. I'm sure you'll be able to find something that works for you. I'm sure you'll be pleased to know that I'm not the only one who has a problem with that. I'm sure you've heard of it, but I've never heard of it. I'm sure you'll be able to find something to suit your needs. I'm sure you'll be able to find something that works for you.

The amount of information in the real world is the largest we know, but there are still technical challenges in searchability, verifiability and reliability.

Take every possible measure to relieve your stress.

Je me suis levé à huit heures.

However, I don't think my feeling of "dislike" should be something that I have to keep bottled up in my heart. And it is not good to explain the feeling by saying, "I don't like it because I don't like it," but it is necessary to think about why I don't like it in order.

I am sorrow

Dear Nepi
If you are reading this letter, it means that I am no longer in this world line. I'm not sure if I understand the world line. It's not so difficult. It doesn't mean that I will disappear from this world, but it does mean that wherever you look in the world now, I will not be there. It just means that I'm somewhere else in a similar world.
It's been very hot lately, but it looks like the cooler weather of autumn is finally here in Japan. I hope you're not suffering from heat stroke. Take good care of yourself.
I'm thinking of starting something new these days. What do you think? Oh, it's not swimming. I've had enough of that. I'm going to keep a diary. Isn't that boring? No, not really. Keeping a diary is a very good thing. It's a good thing to keep a diary, because it allows you to write down the details that you forget more and more every day. You can look at them later and think about them. But it's not about regret. Write down what you did, what you thought, what other people did, what other people told you, what you can remember, from the most trivial to the most serious. Include things you might be embarrassed about later. The whole thing.
I'll show you a few things from today's diary.
Wednesday, 05 September 2018
It was a cool day today. But I'm writing this with the air-conditioner on. It seems I have a habit of turning on the air conditioner whenever it's even a little hot or humid. I'll work on that. I'm also reading a book. It's a book by Sumino Yoru, called "Somebody to Remember My Father By". It's more of a booklet than a book. I was wondering whether the girl on the right of the cover was a boy or a girl, but after reading it I've solved the mystery. It was short, but I enjoyed it a lot. Maybe I'm just a fan of the everyday. I got bored in the middle of the special dialogue, so I didn't finish it.
The evaluation of the original work was divided. I guess it depends on what you like. Do you like literature? The film was good as entertainment.
The film was good as entertainment. I'm not very good at empathising with people, so I'm not sure if those who are into it (if there are any) enjoyed it. I don't know what human emotion is. I don't know what human emotions are, I don't know if they exist or not. Maybe it's because I'm not confident in my ideas and knowledge. There are so many "maybes". Well, I can't help it. It's just like me.

I'm sure you'll get tired of reading this if it gets too long, so I'll leave it at that. I'll leave another letter for another time.

From me

>>115 What's wrong?

Drinking for psychological immune tolerance?

Decide what you value, and thoroughly eliminate any entity that harms it, using the most humane methods possible if it is a person.

I wish I had enough time to cover everything but I don't so I'm gonna pick out kind of the most important things and make sure I get to those right off the bat. So is it going? Okay, I the red light. I'm gonna ask you a question. I want you to think for a moment and tell me how long would you estimate the typical college freshman can read material in their book or in their notes and effectively be learning what they're reading. Okay. 5 minutes says Chris. 25 minutes. Hour. Now, let me ask, anybody think more then an hour? How long? By the way, I had a guy, last time I did this, he said I can do it about 6 hours. And I just (scoffs). Well then I found out he is a medical resident, just finished medical school, his wife was in my class and indeed, my daughter's 4th year med, oh yeah 4, 5 hours but that's not typical I can tell you, okay. Anybody less then 5 minutes? Okay. So we've got 5 to maybe 4 or 5 hours. A study was done, believe the University of Michigan, they asked students to do the following thing. When you're ready to study, you've got all your materials, you're back in your little dorm room or your place you live. Check your watch, start working, the moment you feel that sense of I've read it but it's not coming through, and it's like eh I'm wasting my time, we all get that feeling, note what time it is. Record that, bring it back. And they had many, many hundreds of freshman and sophomores do this and then somebody took the time to compile it. And typically, right about 25 to 30 minutes. By the way, it's also true of lectures and you've all proved it to yourself. You come in to a lecture, you're really alert, check the clock at about 25 after it's like...yeah. And I see it in every class I teach but how long do we teach? 50 minutes. And yet probably most of learning, if it's gonna happen, is in the first 25-30. Okay. I'm gonna talk about a person cause I also like to teach by anecdote. Woman named Janette. I was a junior at Western, she was a freshman, because I was a junior I could live off campus, those days, colleges where your parents had abstentia. She had to live in a dorm cause she didn't have a relative in town. We were dating. She got her first quarter at Western a D average, 1.0, 15 credits of D. She decided she really needed to buckle down, plus the school said if you don't make it up you're gonna be kicked out. So the second quarter of her freshman year, she set the following goal, to study for 6 hours a night, non-stop, 6-midnight, Sunday night through Thursday night. Friday, Saturday she could party, rest of the week she was gonna study. Now one would assume, my gosh going from little study to 6 hours a night, 5 nights of the week, she should've aced everything. Want to guess her grade point second quarter? 0.0, she failed every class. This is why telling people to study more is not necessarily help. In some cases it might actually worsen their performance. What I want to do is show you graphically what I'm talking about. Let's say this is efficient studying, and I know there are no numbers there but higher means more efficient, lower means low or no efficiency. And this axis we're looking at time. Here's what happens for the average student. For her, 6 o' clock in the evening, after her supper at the residency dining hall, she plopped herself down at her little study area and started studying. Here's what happened. By about 6:30, she was in a major slump. But what was her goal? To study 6 hours, so she continued to sit at her little desk and stare at pages until midnight. She was at her desk 6 hours. How long did she actually study? About 20, 30 minutes. Now, there's a simple conduct in psychology all of you are aware of, things that are reinforced we tend to do more of. Things that are punished or ignored, we tend to do less of, and we operate by those principles to a large degree. If you are sitting there for 6 hours, are you feeling good? No.

Once you get here, you're looking at your book going I hate geography, I hate literature, I hate psychology, all the things we're trying to get you to fall in love with, you're hating it. And so her actual good studying was followed by 5 and a half hours of pain and misery. I would bet you, I don't know for a fact, that as the quarter progressed she sat down and finally she was done before she even started. She sat down and just stared at a book and she flunked every class. Now, had she taken this little seminar or had figured things out on her own, she'd know what to do. First rule, the moment you start to slide, you're shoveling against the tide. What you need to do is what? Take a break. Here's what's cool about it. You can study for a half hour. It doesn't take a half hour break to recharge your batteries. For most people about 5 minutes. This is where you go away, do something fun for 5 minutes. Call a friend, talk to a child, talk to a parent, a roommate, enjoy some music, do something you enjoy and actually say this is my treat for having studied for 30 minutes effectively. Go back, and here's what happens. Your efficiency is nearly 100%. Study a half hour, take a break, study a half hour. Had she done that over a course of 6 hours, she would have got about 5 and a half hours of serious studying and about a half hour of total break time. I really don't believe she would've flunked out. Now I get students complaining I don't have enough time to study. Look for a break at work. Look for a break at home. Those little 15-20 minutes can be very efficient if you apply them efficiently. Unfortunately, sometimes it's really tough to get those moments but you need to build them in somehow. You gotta have at least sometime to study. It's not gonna happen through osmosis. I'm gonna ask you a final question. Lets say you've studied till midnight, what do you want to do after your last study 20-30 minutes? No, not yet. You want to give yourself a big treat, okay. Whenever you're studying time is done, plan something special. Now for most women, especially with kids, it's a calgon bath with candles and the bathroom door locked and the statement if you bother me I will take your head off. This is where guys go "what?" Yeah, moms have no privacy, kids walk in while you're using the toilet, while you're in the tub, they'll bring their friends with them, won't they? Dads don't put up with that. When dads are in the bathroom it's lock the door, tough luck, go elsewhere. For you guys, I'll give you mine. This is politically incorrect. I liked beer, kay. My goal was to knock out all my studying, go to the Iron Bull Tavern in Bellingham, knock down a couple beers for my treat. Now my buddies they'd say Lobdell how're you getting straight A's? Well I'd studied starting about 3 in the afternoon. By 9 o' clock at night, when pitchers went on cheap, I'd done all my studying. I went and enjoyed my beer. These yahoos started drinking in the afternoon, then went to the tavern planning to go home and study. You know that's not gonna happen. You're not gonna study, and even if you do, what's called state dependent memory you'll typically only remember if you're intoxicated and I don't recommend getting drunk before a test. It's kind of a stupid thing. If you plan your day right, you can have those little study breaks but the coolest part is this. Because you're now reinforcing it with those little breaks and something fun, you extended. And you'll find you can go 30, 40, 50, an hour, an hour and a half. This is training. Those of you who go on to advanced degrees, you're gonna have to study incredible lengths of time without taking a break cause you've gotta get it done like my daughter in med school. Just amazing, I've told her I couldn't do it now, or actually I wouldn't do it. You're training yourself and if you do it right it becomes progressively easier, okay next question. How many of you have a true study or library in your place of residence? Okay. 2, 2 of you if I'm seeing correctly. I've always envied that.

A quiet place to actually do reading or studying, kay. I'm gonna make a predicition. Many of you study in your bedroom. Okay, how many of you study in your bedroom? We'll raise high so everybody can see. Mmhmm, that's where I studied a lot, especially when I did go to community college. If you don't study in your bedroom hmm...I bet some of you study at the dining room table/kitchen table or bar. How many of you study at the dining/kitchen/bar? Okay. Now if you don't study in those 2 places and you don't have a study or library, study in the family room/rec room/living room...the place where your TV and stereo is, your couch, easy chair. How many of you study there? Okay. Now some of you might actually might drive to a school or library, any do that? Go to a...okay. A few of you do. I still remember living at home going to Highline Community College, my folks bought me a little desk. I still have it. Little desk, I'd come home cause I did work then at Albertsons, typically got off at 9, home about 10 and I'd start studying. I still remember reading Billy Bud Melville. I lie there sitting there studying and my eyes are just...and then the bed started calling to me. "Marty, come lie upon me." Now those of you who've studied Greek, the idea of Sirens calling sailors to the rocks, oh it's real. I'd hear the bed call me and I'd finally go oh I'll just lie down for a moment. Next thing my mom to be yelling "Marty you're late for your English class" I was like "Oh god. I didn't read Billy Bud and I'm screwed." Let me ask you, what's the primary function of a bedroom? What's the secondary function? Good. Most groups go...and I go take psych 20..or 225 and learn about it. It's functional, okay. Primary function of a dining table, eating. Primary function of a living area... Recreation, socializing, right? Now, a lot of students don't realize how much we're controlled by environmental cues. How many of you have been to the Tacoma Mall? Funny, isn't it? Why do you raise your hand? Have you ever been to Tacoma? You answered, why didn't you go like this? Why? Cause if I'm asking the entire class, you've been trained to do what? And you don't even think about it. How many of you been Tacoma Mall? Hands go up. But if I walked up to you, Chris you ever been to Seattle? Totally stupid right? When you're talking face to face you respond verbally. When you ask a group, hands come up. Now, here's what's bad...now that I've tricked you, you won't raise your hands. I'm not gonna raise my hand. But can you see how powerful it is? Without thinking cause we're in a classroom, how many of you have been to Tacoma Mall, hands shoot up. Same is true of going in your bedroom and trying to study. You're in the bedroom. Now, piece of research done in University of Hawaii. Researchers asked the students what's the biggest problem with studying, they said we can't get into it. The university in question had primarily dorm rooms. Very few commuter students to the university. Most of you have seen a dorm room. Oh okay. Most of you have seen a dorm room. They're usually rectangular if it's a 2 plex. One side bed, other side a bed, everything kinda mirror imaged, study area, study area, right...You've got a closet or wardrobe so it's real interesting. In one room you sleep, you groom, talk with people, you socialize, you study, you snack, you're all in 1 room. It's a multi-purpose room and yet you're supposed to study. If your door's open, what happens? Everybody "Hey Lobdell what's up?!" You know and then they got to come in and talk to very quickly you can't get to study. Well the professors heard that the students couldn't get into studying. But they knew what the dorms looked like and the Hawaiin dorms, all of the rooms had a goose neck lamp, so the professors said we're gonna try a little experiment. Take that lamp, make a little sign and put it on it, "Study Lamp".

Use it only for studying, you don't dress by it, you don't have bs sessions by it, you don't snack by it, you don't clean the room by it, nothing. You use the other lights for all other functions. Here's the way it works and it's so easy. Every one of you can do this. Get a little lamp, probably have one already, if you don't my gosh. Yard sale, garage sale, you can pick 'em up for nothing. Get that lamp and it becomes your study lamp, so if you have to study in your bedroom, turn your desk away from the bed. That's the like how many of you been to the mall, it makes you want to go to sleep. By the way, you can't study in the bed, it's also bad for your back if you know about posture. Turn your back to the bed, have a blank wall, have your lamp, have your books ready to go cause you could futz away a lot of time getting ready, can't you? How many of can futz and futz yeah? You're ready to go, turn on the lamp and start studying. The moment you lose your edge, 15 20 30 minutes later, turn the lamp off, get up and leave the desk. What you're training yourself to study while seated there, and it becomes increasingly automatic as did the raising of the hand. You sit, turn the lamp on and you're ready to go. It's like magic. The students who did that were 1 grade point higher the next term compared to the controlled group that didn't do it. 1 grade point simply by creating a study area. Now if you study in the kitchen/dining, remove all food cues cause I know what happens there. You start thinking turkey in the fridge, yeah swiss cheese in the fridge, oh yeah sandwich time. How many of you have studied and created sandwiches, takes about a half hour to make a really good one. So damn good, what do you do? Make another one! And pretty soon not only are you not studying, but you're getting the spread going, okay. You're really frustrated then. The living area, I'm gonna tell you, you can do this experiment. You try to study in the living room and you're focused, and other people are listening to music, watching a movie, watching TV, they won't leave you alone. "Hey Marty. Marty look, look look it's really good." "Excuse me I'm studying." And then they get angry at you. "Well boo on you too." You can't study in the living area. It's not designed for that unless you're all by yourself, and you turn off the TV, turn down the stereo so it's truly background. If you're singing along to your favorite song, you're not studying. You're singing along to a song. Your brain has to be focused to be really studying, not time sharing back and forth between singing and studying. So living areas, very tough to create but if that's what you have to do it bring your little study lamp in, everything else off, turn on your study lamp, create a study there. Are you getting the idea? Now, I'm gonna go through a lot of suggestions. Break it up into chunks, reinforce it, simple to do. Create a study area, simple to do. And you'll be amazed if you take these ideas and do them. I'm gonna make a challenge to all of you. It's so easy to sit through a presentation, say yeah yeah that sounds good and then walk away and do nothing. Technically as a psychologist, if it doesn't change your behavior you haven't learned it. It's just in your head. To be a true learning experience you have to behave differently. So my hope is you all make a promise I'll try at least one or 2 of what I talk about today, and when you find out it works, say gosh I'll try a 3rd one, maybe a 4th. I went back to grad school in the mid-80s, second time around, I actually aced every class. PLU gives pluses, I got pluses in all but one class. I didn't do that first time, okay. I was a good student but not that good. I used the principles I learned about in teaching psych to become a student. I wish somebody had told me these things when I was a student the first time. It would have been a lot easier. So we got 2 things going. Break your study up into little pieces with reinforcement. Create a study area, if you don't have one.

I think you said you do have a study. There you go. Okay. Next thing. The more active you are in your learning, your're more effective. And yet increasingly I have students who think studying is reading it over and over and they're gonna have some magical thing where they suddenly understand it and remember it well. When your reading it over and over, or saying it over and over, the term for that is rote memorization. Spelled r-o-t-e. It can work. It is the way most of us were taught in elementary school. The way I understand it, a lot of Asian schools depend heavily on rote. Some of you may be darn good at it and if you can memorize and actually understand by repetition and its effective for you, don't change. But for most of us it's not the most efficient or effective way. The way to learn efficiently in college, first you have to decide what am I learning. Is it a concept or a fact? A fast is the discreet little piece of information, Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, that's a fact. Okay, but understanding what psychoanalysis is is a concept. Okay. Understanding the name of a bone is a fact. Understanding what it does in the body gets into a concept, okay. So, in studying, sometimes there are a lot of facts. In fact, I use anatomy as a good example. You gotta memorize bones, muscles, organs, tissues, a lot of it. But if you simply memorize and don't understand the function of it. The comprehension of the actual concepts, it's a lot of wasted learning, really. Just to know a name of a bone is like yeah, so what. Okay. What does it do? How does it function? So, if it's a fact or a factoid, you have to approach it one way and I'll talk about how you do that. But in most college classes, what we as professors are most concerned about is that you grasp the concept. Because concepts, once grasped, will stay with you a lifetime. Facts can easily get confused, but that's why we have Google, why we have reference books. If you know the concept, you can quickly look up the fact if you have to know that for a particular fact. Neat thing is, I get questions who has more advantage, younger students or older students? Depends on what you're talking about. Most of us as we get older realize concepts are what are really important to make our lives better, to be effective in our work, effective in our personal lives. Facts though, we realize we can lookup. We can get those if we need them. Young people actually often learn facts very quickly but they never think about the concept. I'll give you a simple example, I'm an old guy, when I was a bit younger, I would sing along with the radio with my adolescent daughter in the car. Oh Dad, if you don't know the words don't sing the song. I'd say okay Beth, you're right. I'm not singing exactly what he or she is singing, but it's conceptually the same. What? I'd say what's the song about? I don't know. She couldn't tell me what the song was about but she could tell me every word in the song. That's earning or learning facts and not seeing the concept. I as an adult, I know the concept, I just make up my own lyrics, okay. Because I don't worry about the factual. Now, some of you are going yeah but my teacher does. I got to know the facts as well as the concepts, so we'll first deal with concepts. Here's the question, can you put the concept in your own words. If you can't, you don't really understand it. It's not meaningful to you. To make it meaningful is a struggle. It's probably the biggest struggle you have as a student. But its a struggle you need to do or you're wasting your study time. Now I'm gonna give you an example. Only 1 of you probably in this room will understand what I just say or what we say. Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. I knew she would get that. How many of you know exactly what I'm talking about? Rog, you do? Cool. 2 of you. Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. Most of you are going it's all Greek to me, it's actually probably more Latin but I'm not certain of that.

When I was a biology student, I learned about the ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny and if you try to learn that and you don't understand it, it's gonna go in one ear and out the other. You can't hold onto it. But if I take a moment to break it down, ontogeny means your own development as a being. You as a human for example. Recapitulates means goes back through or recaptures, retraces. Phylogeny, which is the development all the way from single cell to complex mammal. Now to make sense of that, how did all of you start in utero? A single fertilized cell. An ovum that's fertilized and then it starts dividing and you get all that. But you get a little peer and this is what they first looked at embryos, where we look like a little thing that looks like a tadpole. Right? Yeah, tadpoleish. So we start with a single egg that's fertilized and then we get this little thing that looks kinda like a tadpole and they thought these were gill slits. They're not, they're just what becomes the pharisaic area. But there's no legs it looks like a little tail. We had a tail! Got the idea? Well then we get our arm buds and we get them growing you know, so we now get arms and legs and gradually we start looking more like a human being but we take an embryo of every mammal, you probably couldn't tell one from the other. Human, pig, doesn't matter, they all look very much alike don't they? Now, you understand ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny, but if the instructor doesn't take the time to tell you that and you just read it and eh whatever I'll memorize it, you would forget it about as quickly get through it. I'm not gonna prove this, you all get to do a little memory task. Gotta find where...here we go! I'm gonna read to you 13 letters from our alphabet, you all know the alphabet right? Should be meaningful. As soon as I finish I want you to say them back to me in the same sequence that I give them to you. So I'll say them and then I'll go like that, you say 'em back. Y-T-R-H, don't write 'em, A-U-S-P-D-P-A-Y-H...Boy, somebody sounded like they got quite a few but did any of you get all 13? By the way, the fact that you took notes is a good thing. It's one of the best things to help you remember, and I sit in front of classes where they just go...for 50 minutes. I'm givin' them wisdom and they're not taking a damn note, and then they wonder why they don' remember. You can't remember everything in a lecture. I'm gonna rearrange the letters a little bit, see if you do any better. H-A-P-P-Y-T-H-U-R-S-D-A-Y. The letters in sequence. Shh... letters. Most of you got all 13, and you thought coming to this lecture might be nothing. I've just taken your short term memory span, which is usually 5 to about 9 letters and expanded 13. Can you give 'em again? What are they? Damn you're good. Or I'm good. Now, obviously it was a little easier. Those were the same 13 letters, same ones. If you're studying anything conceptual, and you're trying to memorize it, it's like Y-T-R...it doesn't make any sense. It's in one eye out the other, if it's out loud one ear out the other. But if you take the time discover the meaning, suddenly it clicks. And I could probably ask you next week what were those 13 letters and most of you tell me. At the end of the quarter I could ask you and most of you could tell me. You might be confused was it happy wednesday or thursday but you'd guess probably thursday. Now, some of you are in my intro class this quarter. I do something that I wish I had time to do. I divide the class in 2, using a card so half reads 1, the other half reads another card. I have one group try to estimate the number of vowels in a series of words that I read to them. So they're thinking about the words, we'd say that's superficial thinking. How many vowels in mosquito? How many vowels in bottle? How many vowels in elephant? And they get to write down what they think is the number of vowels. The second group are instructed, they're told you need to think about how valuable this item would be.

If you were stranded on a deserted island, and you then rate its value on 5 point scale, 1 being no value, 5 being highly valuable, that's called deeper processing. You're now thinking about it in terms of its application or use. By the way, I think elephant is a fun one, I'd give it a 5. Not really company but if you got really hungry you got a lot of food there right? I then read, I think it's about 30 words, everybody's writing down their numbers. I then have them do a stalling exercise where they write their name phone number and address, that's to dump short term memory cause they might be thinking about the words I just read. If you're now writing your name and address, it changes your focus. Short term memory only lasts about 20-30 seconds, its pretty brief. So I counted on the clock, after 30 seconds I say now write down as many words that you can recall. This one is so powerful, the group that's counting vowels on average remembers out of about 30 words. Time and time again. The group that's thinking about usefulness on a deserted island remembers 10. It's slightly more 5/5, 5.5 vs 10.5 but very close to it doubling without doing any more effort, simply by thinking about it instead of just trying to superficially think about it. And this is where, as a student, the more you get into the understanding the better. Now this then raises a fun question, what is the meaning? If I say something is meaningful or meaningless, what am I really saying? Now I'm not gonna through a big drill which is kind of fun of teasing it out of you, but a meaningful piece is a piece that relates to something you already know, and the best little analogy is its like a file system that you've already got established, you add a new entry to it so its all neatly organized and its very easy if you got a file system to add a new entry. We do it with computers also. The other way, meaningless. It's where something new doesn't fit with something already established and so its Greek to you. Its ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. What did you say? If its something brand new, you can't relate it. You have to create a new entry, so you have to grapple with it saying what does that mean? But as I broke it down, I bet you could associate it with something you already understood. You've probably all seen little embryos, you got the idea of an egg, the idea that it kinda recaptures our development from a primitive one cell to a very complex mammal, get that idea. That's the meaning of meaningfulness. Now as a teacher, I think all of us, as we are teachers we all try to make things meaningful in our classes. So we give stories, we give examples, but sometimes our examples don't work for you. This is where you have to tease it out. So I'm gonna go to a couple things to help you there. First, study groups. We underutilize them, especially in community college. Would people get through med school without study groups. Not very many. Do we have vet tech back there? Dental hygiene, vet tech, pretty sophisticated stuff they have to learn, right? Do they do study groups? No? Oh my...I would hope they do. I would encourage them to do it. Where I've got students to form study groups, performance of the groups go up dramatically. Now, part of it is probably because they're motivated to do that so its a bit confounding but I'm convinced there's also the power of studying with other people. I know these concepts its like so well I can't see how they're confusing, but another student who's just found the answer can sometimes turn and say Thursday, here's what its about. They go ah is that what Mr. Lobdell was saying, god. So easy. But I can't do that because I don't see where the problems lie in that particular concept. Study groups are great. I'm not gonna tell you how many of you totally hurt yourself in studying. How many of you magic mark, highlight, whatever you call it, textbooks. A little yellow, pink, green, glow in the dark sort of thing? How many of you use the markers? Those were invented '65, year I started college. So I bought one.

Sexual preferences are so closely linked to personal experience that it feels almost impossible to market to the exact sweet spot of most people.

When I wore MUJI's "Men's Organic Cotton Mix Heat Generating V Neck Long Sleeves T-Shirt" as a nightgown last night, I experienced sudden and severe itching. This was presumably due to the thermal storage function of the product, which contributed to the increase in body temperature. I therefore prohibit the wearing of all thermal storage underwear, including the product in question, at bedtime and freeze indefinitely any plans to purchase more of the product in question (17:12, 22/11/2021)

Traits controlled by a single gene

The ABO blood group is determined by the ABO gene, which carries information about a protein called glycosyltransferase. The ABO gene carries information about a protein called glycosyltransferase, which is mainly responsible for adding another sugar to the end of the sugar chain exposed on the surface of the cell. However, the DNA sequence of the ABO gene can be divided into three main types depending on the function of this protein. In genetics, different types of the same gene are called alleles. In the case of the ABO gene, there are three alleles, A, B and O. These alleles contain information about the same type of protein, but the proteins produced from these alleles have slightly different functions. This is because the sequence of bases is slightly different between the alleles, resulting in a slight difference in the amino acid sequence. All genes have such different types and alleles.

In the ABO gene, the enzyme synthesized from the allele classified as O is an enzyme that cannot link sugars. A adds the sugar N-acetylglucosamine. B adds the sugar galactose. There are also three types of alleles that produce type O. In one case, the 261st base is missing. So that the correct enzyme cannot be synthesized. There are several differences between the sequences of the A and B alleles compared. Four of these differences, at bases 526, 703, 796 and 803, all result in amino acid differences when translated into protein. This difference in amino acids causes the enzymes synthesized from each allele to function differently.

In each individual, one allele of the ABO gene is transmitted from each parent. The cell then synthesizes an enzyme from both alleles. Thus, the two alleles of the ABO gene in each individual can be one of six possible combinations. If both alleles are O, the ABO blood group will be type O. If A and A or A and O, type A. If B and B or B and O, type B. If A and B, type AB. Therefore, it is possible to distinguish any of these six types by examining the above sequence of the ABO gene. Then, we can predict the blood group from only a little genetic information without studying the blood group of parents, the actual blood group, or the whole ABO gene sequence. However, there are basic exceptions in living organisms, and even in this case there are special alleles which cannot be estimated by the above combinations. For example, some of the alleles classified as O consist of different sequences and are present in low frequency in the population.

The natural avoidance of spontaneity may be a remote cause of autonomic dysreflexia.

Howdy?

>>128 I think it will function properly as a nightgown only under unheated conditions below 10 degrees Celsius.

In the first place, without basic bodily mechanisms and skills based on biological evolution, culture itself would not exist. In this sense, we can say that culture is a mechanism to extend biological body mechanisms and skills. Culture extends humanity's biological skills: many tools are extensions of the hand, microscopes and radio telescopes are extensions of the eye, loudspeakers and printing technology are extensions of the voice, trains, automobiles and other means of transportation are extensions of the foot, computers are extensions of the brain, and fire is an extension of the digestive system. Moreover, only human beings are capable of not only making tools, but also of extending such body extensions to any extent by flexibly combining them in many kinds and many layers: we make the tools needed to make tools, we make the means of transportation needed to carry tools, we make the tools needed to convey information... and so on. Culture is a device for the multiple and flexible extension of humanity's biological mechanisms and skills to any extent.

Voulez-vous arrêter de penser?

Velim ut pubes meas etiam exhauriat.

Il y a du sang frais qui sort de l'anus.

Lorsque j'ai porté le "Men's Organic Cotton Mix Heat Generating V Neck Long Sleeves T-Shirt" de MUJI comme chemise de nuit la nuit dernière, j'ai ressenti des démangeaisons soudaines et sévères. Cela était vraisemblablement dû à la fonction de stockage thermique du produit, qui a contribué à l'augmentation de la température corporelle. Par conséquent, j'interdis le port de tout sous-vêtement à stockage thermique, y compris le produit en question, au moment du coucher et je gèle indéfiniment tout projet d'achat du produit en question.

Une personne était très intéressée par mon histoire "J'ai récemment réalisé que si j'utilise des images de personnages comme objet de mon étude, je ne serai jamais capable d'écrire une théorie des images de personnages", alors j'ai mentionné la fappabilité et la zéro-fappabilité et j'ai dit "En bref, 'Moe' est un concept dans le domaine de la littérature et de l'art, et qu'il est impossible de faire une analyse rationnelle dans le domaine de la recherche en art visuel sans introduire la "fappabilité", il m'a écouté avec grand intérêt, ce qui a peut-être augmenté ma motivation pour écrire un livre sur la "fappabilité".

La croyance qu'une préparation méticuleuse fera naître nos désirs n'est ni bonne ni mauvaise en soi.
Les organes génitaux féminins bipolaires et décentrés : le sein et la vulve sont littéralement des symboles du corps féminin et sont essentiels à l'histoire de l'industrie du sexe.
Pourquoi le récit négatif est-il si répandu dans la société moderne ?
Nous devons vivre en tant que personnes nées dans un pays de perdants et il est important et bénéfique pour nous individuellement et pour ce pays d'en prendre conscience.
Underachiever ou Procrastinator - quel est mon véritable alias ?
Je veux être une sorte d'agent de circulation pour notre société en tant que collectif intellectuel.
Il n'y a rien de naturel ou de fondé sur des principes à ressentir un sentiment d'appartenance à un système politique tel que l'État.

Une perspective fantomatique, une vision fantomatique, une vue fantomatique (17:52, 2021/06/10)
Voir la vraie nature des fantômes et des fleurs à queue flétrie (17:52, 10 juin 2021)
L'univers agité (17:54, 2021/06/10)
A Senior Conflits entre raison et instinct (2021/06/13/0:30)
D'aussi loin que je me souvienne, une motion de défiance à l'égard du parti au pouvoir, l'ego, a été proposée au parlement de mon cerveau, ma plus haute instance de décision (11:01, 16/06/2021).
La compréhension de Mario-like comme sous-catégorie de la gamification (22/07/2021, 7:25 pm)
Heattech peut remplacer le chauffage, mais Airism ne peut pas remplacer le refroidissement (16:01, 27/07/2021)
S'il y a quelque chose à rechercher, c'est bien l'accomplissement de la justice (07/08/2021, 0:01)
La peur de l'effondrement des constructions intellectuelles décourage la pensée et l'action constructives, quelles qu'elles soient. (2021/08/09/5:04)
Seuls ceux qui peuvent utiliser la boussole du devoir lorsqu'ils nagent dans une mer de droits illimités sont libres (21:45, 2021/09/02)
À la recherche d'une intelligence externe (ht 22:12, 2021/09/02)
C'est pratique de mettre toute sa monnaie dans une caisse automatique et elle ressort avec la plus petite combinaison (23:31, 10 septembre 2021).
Penser horizontalement quand on manque de sommeil (8:02, 12/09/2021)
Les informations véritablement utiles devraient être les plus personnalisées, n'est-ce pas ? (2021/09/14/0:29)
Je veux être un guide de circulation pour la société en tant que collectif intellectuel (23:07, 10/04/2021)
Déconstruire la problématique (19:55, 29/10/2021)
L'objectif suprême d'Apple pourrait être l'égalité des chances grâce aux machines (3:56, 11/09/2021)
Des philosophes qui possèdent et luttent avec un Hiroyuki altéré (0:41, 21 novembre 2021)
Sur ses propres caractéristiques physiques.

Comment allez-vous tous?

Je pense personnellement que la raison pour laquelle les personnes intelligentes ont une vision positive de la mort, ou pourquoi les personnes âgées s'accrochent à leur emploi mal payé, est un problème qui peut être résolu en formant une sorte de communauté appropriée pour chaque personne, en leur donnant une nouvelle réalisation sociale, et en développant des divertissements inconnus au-delà de notre imagination. Pensez-vous qu'il est possible de créer un avenir où les gens ont une vision plus positive de la vie en stimulant leurs loisirs d'une manière plus rationnelle pour leur cerveau?

Le rêve changeant, le souvenir d'un monde de brume matinale illusoire. Ce monde actuel, assis sur une fondation de sable qui s'effrite. L'histoire d'un rêve fabriqué, racontant un monde ancien et profond. En plein jour, une ville coule.

Est-ce une illusion, ou une tour construite sur du sable ? Ce rêve, jusqu'au lever du jour, est un rêve de papillon.

Le rêve change, la couleur voyante d'un manoir écarlate illusoire. Ce monde actuel, assis au sommet d'une froide fondation de pierre. Le conte de fées d'un rêve fabriqué, racontant une ancienne et belle capitale. En plein jour, une ville est corrompue.

D'un point de vue fantomatique, d'une vision fantomatique, d'une perspective fantomatique, mes aînés, qui luttent entre la raison et l'instinct de l'univers, qui voient la vraie nature des fantômes et l'agitation au sein des fleurs à queue fanée, ont été dans le plus haut organe de décision de mon cerveau, la Diète, depuis aussi longtemps que je me souvienne, il y a eu un vote de défiance dans le parti au pouvoir, l'ego. Avec la compréhension de Mario de la gamification comme sous-catégorie, le heattech est un substitut du chauffage, mais l'airism n'est pas un substitut du refroidissement, donc s'il y a quelque chose à rechercher, c'est seulement la réalisation de la justice. Je vous ai appris à maintes reprises que la peur de l'effondrement des constructions intellectuelles nous fait nous abstenir de pensées et d'actions constructives, quelles qu'elles soient, mais seuls ceux qui savent utiliser la boussole du devoir sont libres lorsqu'ils nagent dans une mer de droits infinis, et il est commode de mettre toutes ses pièces dans la caisse automatique de l'intelligence extérieure, car elles en ressortent dans la plus petite combinaison possible. La pensée horizontale pendant la privation de sommeil est également vraie, et j'ai dit que l'information véritablement utile devrait être la plus personnalisée, et je veux être un guide de circulation pour la société en tant que collectif intellectuel, et le démantèlement de la conscience des problèmes et la suprématie d'Apple peut être l'égalité des chances par la machine, et possédée par l'altéré Hiroyuki. Les philosophes qui se débattent avec leurs propres caractéristiques physiques sont éliminés ou torturés.

OC2(h)

By Hanako and Shinichi's first intercourse, estimated about 2 hours ago.

Contemporary Individualism was born at 23:19 on June 9, 2020. Today, January 18, 2021, at 8:56 pm, it has lived a little over seven months and has been completely deleted from the trash. There is no need for pessimism, as I will be irresponsibly raising its descendants. Please keep in mind that the descendants will be purely cultivated and gradually propagated at https://ha10.net/ and https://jeison.biz/casphy/.

>>147 It's 8:56 am, not pm.

Me: I'm cold.
Siri: I'm relieved to hear that.

The intelligible truths underlying all of our thoughts are clear but subtle, and depend on nothing more than the differences that are actually possible, since none of them are good. In order to achieve complete clarity in our thinking about an object, we need only consider the practical kinds of perceptible effects that the object has. In other words, what sensations we should expect from it and what reactions we should prepare for.

(Ramanujan's work) did not have the simplicity and inevitability of truly great work. It would have been greater if it had been less strange. But there was a natural talent there that no one could deny. It was a deep and invincible originality. If he had been discovered and acclimatized at a younger age, he probably would have become an even greater mathematician, making new and more important discoveries. On the other hand, he might have become less "Ramanujan-like" and more European professorial, losing more than he gained.

Airi(h), estimated 8 hours ago.

Uncensored Girl from the North Country, estimated 20 minutes ago.

>>153 This is the quintessential serendipitous/algorithmic discovery. I sacrificed the synchronicity to identify her genuineness. Consequently, I'm kind of grateful to her and her appendage.

In French and German, they say I'm rather grateful for her appendage. Don't distort the facts.

The question is whether there is anything I (we) can do in the first place.

Laggards know no innovators, shun the early adapters, despise the majority.

During the COVID lockdown, this headline went viral: "Nearly half of men say they do most of the homeschooling... ...three percent of women agree." I bring this up not to debate who's right, but because it's a great example of something called egocentric bias: Most people think they do most of the work. For example, researchers have asked authors of multi-author papers what percentage of the work they personally did, and when they add up those percentages, the sum is on average 140 percent. When couples are asked to estimate how much of the housework they do, the combined total is almost always over 100%. Now you might think this is because people want to appear more helpful than they actually are, but that's not it. When couples are asked what fraction of the fights they start or how much of the mess is theirs, the total is again over a hundred. People think they do more of the work, but they also think they cause more of the problems. So why is this? I think it's simply because you experience and remember vividly all of what you do, but not all of what everyone else does, so naturally you overestimate your own contributions and underestimate others. And I think this bias leads us to underestimate the influence of other things on our lives like the role luck plays in our success. Take hockey players, for example. If you ask a professional hockey player how they managed to reach the NHL, they might mention their hard work, determination, great coaches, their parents willingness to get up at 5 AM, and so on, but they probably won't acknowledge how lucky they were to be born in January. And yet, in many years 40% of hockey players selected into top tier leagues are born in the first quarter of the year, compared to just 10% in the fourth quarter; an early birthday can make you up to four times as likely to be a pro hockey player. And the reason for this disparity is presumably because the cutoff date for kids hockey leagues is January 1st. Those born in the first part of the year are a little older and so on average bigger and faster than kids in their league born late in the year. Now as they grow up, this difference should eventually shrink to nothing, but it doesn't. Because the young kids who share the most promise are given more time on the ice and enter more tournaments, where they receive better coaching and improve their skills. And these advantages compound year after year, so by the time you get to the pros, birthdays are heavily skewed towards the start of the year. But does any professional hockey player feel thankful for their birthday? Probably not. And we are all like that, largely oblivious to the fortunate events that support our success. Probably the most significant bit of luck many of us enjoy is being born into a prosperous country; around half the variance in income received by people around the world is explained by their country of residence and that country's income distribution. If you were born in Burundi, for example, which has the world's lowest gross national income per capita of just 730 dollars a year, it doesn't matter how smart or hard-working you are; you're unlikely to earn much as an adult. Now many people get offended if you point out how big a role chance plays in their success and I get it. If we are just a product of our circumstances, then our hard work and our talent seem to count for nothing. People think it has to be either skill or luck that explains success, but the truth is you need both. Take these eight track and field world records: all the athletes who achieve these records are obviously world class, extremely dedicated, and talented and yet, when they achieved their world records, seven out of eight had a tailwind. Now these athletes all had the ability to win a gold medal, but to set the world record required a bit of luck as well. The importance of luck increases the greater the number of applicants applying for just a few spaces.

Consider the most recent class of NASA astronauts. From over 18,300 applicants in 2017, only 11 were selected and went on to graduate from the astronaut training program. Now we can make a toy model of the selection process. Let's assume that astronauts are selected mostly based on skill, experience, and hard work, but also say five percent as a result of luck — fortunate circumstances. For each applicant, I randomly generated a skill score out of a hundred, and I also randomly generated a luck score out of a hundred. Then I added those numbers together, weighted in the 95-to-5 ratio to get an overall score. This score represents the selector's judgments, meaning the top 11 by this metric would become astronauts. And I repeated this simulation a thousand times representing a thousand different astronaut selections. And what I found was the astronauts who were picked were very lucky; they had an average luck score of 94.7. So how many of the selected astronauts would have been in the top 11 based on skill alone? The answer was, on average, only 1.6. That means, even with luck accounting for just 5% of the outcome, 9 or maybe 10 of the 11 applicants selected would have been different if luck played no role at all. When competition is fierce, being talented and hard-working is important, but it's not enough to guarantee success. You also need to catch a break. Largely, I think we're unaware of our good luck because, by definition, it's not something we did. Like the housework done by your significant other, it goes unappreciated. And here's the crazy thing: Downplaying the importance of chance events may actually improve your probability of success because if you perceive an outcome to be uncertain, you're less likely to invest effort in it, which further decreases your chances of success. So, it's a useful delusion to believe you are in full control of your destiny. I mean, if I had known how bad I was when I started YouTube or how much work it would take, I might have given up right then. "Welcome to Veritasium: an online science video blog." Now there may be another benefit to overlooking your lucky breaks, which is it makes it easier to justify your place in society: if you have a lot of wealth or power, you can just chalk it up to your own intelligence, effort, and perseverance. It makes it easier to accept inequality. In one experiment, participants were put in groups of three in small rooms to discuss a complex moral problem, and one person in each group was randomly designated the team leader. Half an hour later, the experimenter came by with four cookies for each team. So who got the extra cookie? In each case, it went to the team leader. Even though they had no special aptitude, they didn't have extra responsibilities and they'd gotten their position through chance alone. Once you have achieved a certain status, it seems natural to feel like you deserve it and all the other good things that come your way. Now this is just an anecdote, but whenever I've been upgraded to fly a business class, I've always observed the worst behavior in my fellow privileged passengers; they just act so entitled and uncourteous. And research has found evidence for this as well. In another experiment, participants were asked to think of a good thing that happened to them recently, and then one group was asked to list their own personal qualities or actions that made that good thing happen, another group was asked to list external factors beyond their control that led to the event, and a control group was simply asked to list reasons why the good thing happened. Now for completing this task, participants were told they would be paid a dollar, but at the end they were offered the option to donate some or all of the money to a charity. Results showed those who listed their own personal attributes contributed 25% less than those who listed external factors beyond their control. Now think of what all this means for people in our society, specifically for people in positions of power like business leaders and politicians.

Now undoubtedly most of them are talented and hard-working, but they have also been luckier than most, and like most of us, they don't realize just how lucky they are. And this gives them a distorted view of reality. They're kind of living in a form of survivor bias: all these leaders have worked hard and ultimately succeeded, so to them the world appears fair. In their experience, it rewards hard work, but what they don't have is the experience of all the people who have worked hard and failed. So what are they to make of people less successful than themselves? Well, the natural conclusion is that they must just be less talented or less hard-working, and this perspective makes them less inclined to be generous — to give back. And they are the ones who set the rules for how society operates. And this is particularly unfortunate since one of the main ways many of us are lucky is in our country of residence. But what is a country except for the things put there by people who came before? The roads and the schools, public transport, emergency services, clean air and water, everything like that. It seems a cruel trick of our psychology that successful people without any malice will credit their success largely to their own hard work and ingenuity, and therefore contribute less to maintaining the very circumstances that made that success possible in the first place. The good news is that acknowledging our fortunate circumstances not only brings us more in line with reality, it also makes us more likeable. In a study where people had to read the transcript of a fictional 60-minutes interview with a biotech entrepreneur, experimenters tried changing just the last paragraph where the interviewee is talking about the reasons for their company's success. In one version, the entrepreneur personally takes credit for the success they've had, but in the other, he says luck played a significant role. Now people who read the luck version of the transcript judged the entrepreneur as kinder, and thought they'd be more likely to be close friends with him than those who read the other version of the transcript. And raising our awareness of fortunate events can also make us happier because it allows us to feel gratitude. Personally, I am grateful to Michael Stevens of Vsauce, who on October 7th, 2012, posted the video: "How Much Does a Shadow Weigh?", which shouts out my slow-motion slinky drop video, and within three days my subscribers had increased by a third, and within a month, they had doubled, leading me to quit my part-time job and work exclusively on YouTube videos. And I'm grateful to the writer of the free newspaper they give out on the trains in Sydney who didn't quite understand electricity, leading me to post this picture of their article to my Instagram with the caption: "What's wrong with this picture?" And I'm lucky that the first person to answer correctly was a beautiful woman who became my future wife. Yep! That is how I met your mother. Now initially, I wanted to make this video just to say our circumstances and psychology conspire to make us oblivious to our own luck. This leads successful people to view the world as fair, and those less successful than them as less talented or less hard-working. And this is before you factor in any discrimination or prejudice. But, it also became apparent to me that I should talk about what to do if you want to be successful in such a world, and I think the best advice is paradoxical. First, you must believe that you are in complete control of your destiny, and that your success comes down only to your own talent and hard work. But second, you've got to know that's not true for you or anyone else. So you have to remember: if you do achieve success that luck played a significant role and given your good fortune, you should do what you can to increase the luck of others. Hey, so I had an idea for what I could do to increase the luck of others and that is to give away a hundred snatoms kits to people who couldn't otherwise afford them.

OC2(h)

OC2(b), estimated to be about 12 hours ago.

Module strength is one of the terms used to describe the nature of the modules (parts) of a program that make up software, and refers to the strength of the relationship between multiple functions contained in a module.

The state with the highest module strength is called "functional strength," which refers to the case where a module provides only one function. The next highest is "informational strength," which refers to the state in which functions for handling specific and identical data are combined into one. The next highest is "communicative strength," which refers to the state in which data is passed between functions within a module. The next highest is "procedural strength," which refers to the state in which multiple functions that are always executed in sequence are grouped together.

The next highest is "temporal intensity," which refers to the state in which multiple functions that are used at a certain point in time during execution, such as initialization of various elements at the start of execution, are combined into one (even if there is no relationship between the functions). The next highest is "logical strength," which refers to a state in which multiple functions are logically related and grouped together in a structure that allows the user to select which process to perform by means of arguments. The lowest is "implicit strength," which refers to the state in which multiple functions are combined into one by simply dividing the program without considering the relationship between the functions.

What is rationality?

I wrote about it in an exam the other day and my teacher seemed to like it, so I'd like to write about it more properly.

In recent years, in the field of political science, especially in political science, this "rationality" is very popular. However, it does not mean that anything is good because it is rational.
　That's true. If you say it is rational, you can manage most things. For example, if we assume that irrational claims are basically false, we can develop a very clear argument. That is to say, the truth or falsehood of any proposition can be established only by examining its rationality. Well, in the natural sciences, this is enough.
　However, when it comes to social sciences, it is not so. In political science, what is called "rationality" is at best only "economic rationality". The point is how much benefit is returned to the individual by a particular choice. And the benefits are only fundamentally economic. In other words, you can't count the satisfaction of properly internalising an ethical code.

　So let's assume for the moment that "rationality" is a logical path that connects the shortest distance from a particular starting point (premise) to a particular ending point (goal). At this point, I feel that I have done something quite absurd.
　Now let's consider this rationality. In this case, rationality can be understood in a very pluralistic way by transforming the purpose. In other words, if we set an economic purpose, we can make a common argument for rationality. And if we set 'emotions' as ends, we can bring a sense of fulfilment based on ethical norms into the analysis of rationality. There's really no end to the discussion of emotions, so I'll leave that for another time. I'll get back to it when I'm able.
　Well, to add, if we understand rationality on the basis of this concept of rationality, I think Habermas's criticism of rationality is not so effective. When I say "purposive rationality", it means that the "purposive" part praises economic rationality, or the rationality is judged in a way that excludes individual human rights. I feel that it is enough to consider the rationality that brings communication or criticism possibility (I think this is easier to understand) to the "purpose" part.

　However, this concept of rationality is not universal at all, and now the question arises as to how to use it in analysis. In short, "Sure, we can discuss comprehensively now. Then, what is the use of that? As long as it is conceptualized, it is meaningless unless it is useful in some way for analysis or discussion. In fact, the fact that we have made it too comprehensive makes it difficult to use for analysis.
　The point is, "this is rational, that is rational, it's also..." In other words, there are so many things to consider that it becomes impossible to follow up, or even if you do, it becomes impossible to estimate a valid causal relationship. At least in the case of political science, such a problem arises. On the contrary, this is why there are so many analyses that focus on economic rationality.
　However, since political science is good at the analysis of the current situation, I would like to offer the analysis which can guarantee the predictability a little more. It would be nice if we could somehow construct a theory that can bring us to an analysis with high predictability, while sufficiently considering the value norms in a comprehensive judgment. If we could do that, it would be a real classic. Whew!

New: Meisa Hanai (https://jjgirls.com/japanese/meisa-hanai/3/meisa-hanai-4.jpg), about 1 hour ago. Current information suggests that the highest point of her fappability is observability in static images without makeup.

Her pie, about 10 minutes ago.

In the practical world of small and medium-sized companies, many of which are unlisted, financial documents are often deliberately falsified or concealed from the public as they should be. This book provides a concise explanation of professional perspectives for effective analysis in light of such situations, based on the author's extensive experience.

I couldn't figure out the difference between fapability and fappability and which one is correct even after googling. If there are any native English speakers, please let me know.

Despite being just after the observation of the rare phenomenon of ejaculating twice in 24 hours, my penis seems to be getting erect often remembering Meisa Hanai. Or maybe the whimsical post "Four Wives" by Gorgonzola is contributing to this. Either way, take care of your prostate.

New: "The story of my sister's friend seducing me and doing naughty things in secret (tentative)" by Anon200million - first genuine creampie, about 2 hours and 45 minutes ago. I discovered it algorithmically/serendipitously on Pixiv as usual.

First prevented creampie, about 7 minutes ago.

For me, eating a lot in a short time is usually bad. Especially in an environment with temperatures of 5 degrees Celsius, which can easily induce cold irritant diarrhoea.

>>172
Correction: "temperatures of 5 degrees Celsius" to "temperatures below 5 degrees Celsius".

I can't get out of the futon and stop farting.

Well, farting seems to be gradually declining spontaneously.

It's a short life that will be over in the blink of an eye. Let's cherish this life and live it to the fullest together! You are not alone. We are all connected in this world. You are a miracle born in this world, with a kind heart, you are a perfect being with great value from the beginning, no matter what happens. It's a shame to die by yourself. Even if you are suffering at the moment, you have to be aware of yourself, of the people around you who are as valuable and kind as you are, of the state of your body and the things you have thanks to the miracle, and understand from the bottom of your heart that your life will surely come to an end very soon, and that no one knows when that end will come. If you live your life with gratitude, you will always feel happy, you will know that every moment is a miracle and that you are alive, you will find hope and you will have the best end of your life! Let's not give up!

Source: https://www.amazon.co.jp/gp/profile/amzn1.account.AFCKXGMPRXS2OCYK4DYR4I6QVQ4Q/ref=cm_cr_dp_d_gw_tr?ie=UTF8

DON'T DRINK COLD MILK IN THE MORNING

Oral cavity after 1 week, estimated to be 20 minutes ago.

Coincidentally, it had been a week.

By showing off her gymnastic skills, 17 minutes ago.

>>177
You can offset this with a hot drink.

Spinoza Picture: the denial of free will and the fictional nature of the "ought" argument (ought proposition)

Here is the relevant content of the PDF that I have linked to on the Metaphysics home page, mainly on the negation of free will. This is also a stopgap measure to separate jokes and bad writing that could be seen as insincere. The whole thing is chaotic, and there are many parts that should be rewritten, but I will leave it for a while. As soon as I think of something, I'll add it.

For those who don't understand the free will issue
Some of you may be confused about what the free will debate is all about.
In the following, I will try to explain briefly what the concept of free will is.
Of course, this may not be the best way to introduce the problem of free will.
It is better to think of what I am going to say below as an interpretation of free will.

First of all, the dictionary definition of free will can be restated as follows.
Free will is defined as the pure and absolute beginning of an action or action of the mind which breaks free from the influence of the past or of the laws of physics and causes a voluntary action.
Free will is assumed to be that which can be freely invoked in the midst of apathy, and which can compel a disobedient body to action.

However, such a dictionary definition may not be enough to make sense.
Let's look at apathy as a metaphor.
What is lethargy?
If we think of a human being as an automobile, lethargy may be compared to running out of petrol.
When you run out of petrol, you can't move any more, unless you refuel from outside.
But you may think that this is an inappropriate analogy.
You might think that man is capable of taking action under his own power, unlike the car.
Well, that's certainly a sensible way of looking at it.
But, of course, just because something is a common sense decision doesn't mean that it is always the right one.
In fact, it is a self-contradiction to say that it is up to us to steer ourselves, and in this case, we need to assume a supernatural power that can start the engine in the face of any lethargy.
And that very supernatural power, which can start the engine in any lethargy, is what we call free will, and which is philosophically unsupportable.

A Mathematical Model of "How Many People Believe in Free Will"
With regard to free will, we can ask not only whether it exists, but also how many people in the world believe in its existence.
Mathematical models, such as infectious disease models, may provide insights in this regard.
In the following, we use a simple mathematical model to describe the dynamics of the proportion of people who believe in or deny free will, and briefly investigate the properties of the model.
However, to be honest, this is not a realistic model, but rather a "toy" mathematical model that we play with, giving meaning to variables with interpretations such as "the number of people who believe in free will".
So let's play with it.

Model 1
For simplicity, we assume that all people are either free will affirmers or deniers, and denote the number of free will affirmers by x and the number of deniers by y.
Our goal is to build a model that governs the change in the number of people x and y over time, under appropriate assumptions, and to understand its behavior.
We then assume that people are born free will positive.
We also assume that each free-will positivist has a probability of becoming a free-will negativist of \alpha per unit time.
Let us assume that this probability does not depend on the number of free will deniers, y.
This corresponds, for example, to the situation where a denialist can argue to a positive denialist that free will does not exist, but will not be understood.
Furthermore, we assume that once you become a free will denialist, you will never return to being a free will affirmative.
This may be a rather unfair argument, but we can think of a situation in which one comes to the conclusion that free will does not exist, and is convinced that it is true.
Of course, if we wanted to, we could create a model in which, on the contrary, a person who has been misled by the whispers of the devil into denying free will is converted back into a pro-free will person.
Now, assuming the above, we can write down the following differential equation
\dot{x}=-\alpha x,\qquad \dot{y}=\alpha x.
where the dot represents the derivative with time t.
Note that the number of free-will deniers decreases as the number of free-will supporters increases, so that the combined number of people, N, is kept constant: \frac
\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}(x+y)=0,\qquad x+y=\mathrm{const}=N.
At this point, the number of free-will proponents decreases exponentially, and after about 1/\alpha time, free-will deniers make up the majority of the population: x
x=x_0e^{-\alpha t},\qquad y=N-x_0e^{-\alpha t}.
This result means that eventually (or after infinite time) everyone will be a free will denialist.
This is what we would expect from the way the model is set up.

Model 2 (Introduction)
Now, for a more non-trivial result, consider the births and deaths of people.
How does the number of affirmers and deniers change if the generational change takes place before everyone becomes a free will deniers?
In the following, we introduce the number of people born per unit of time β.
This has the same dimension as the parameter α, which is the reciprocal of time.
Given that we have already assumed that people are born free will affirmers, we consider this number β to be the increase in the number of free will affirmers.
If we consider a model in which the total number of people in the system is constant, then this same number of people must die in a unit of time.
In this case, it is natural to assign the number of people β to each death, according to the ratio of the number of free will affirmers to the number of deniers x,y at each time.
The equation of the model can thus be extended as follows
\displaystyle \dot{x}=-\alpha x+\beta-\beta \frac{x}{x+y},\qquad \dot{y}=\alpha x-\beta \frac{y}{x+y}.

A way of looking at differential equations
In order to understand qualitatively the evolution of the number of people x,y according to this equation, we introduce a way of looking at the differential equation.
If we consider a point (x,y) in the xy-plane whose coordinates are the values of x,y at each time, this point moves in the xy-plane with time.
Identifying the motion of this moving point corresponds to understanding the behaviour of the solution of the differential equation.
The above equation gives the velocity (\dot{x},\dot{y}) that the point under consideration has at position (x,y).
Since this is defined at any position (x,y), it forms a velocity field (in this case it is a stationary, i.e. time-invariant field).
If we can draw the velocity field in the xy-plane, we can qualitatively understand the motion of the moving point as follows.
That is, if the moving point is at position \bm{r}_0 at the initial time, then given the velocity \bm{v}(\bm{r}_0) at that position, the position after a small time \varDelta t is
\bm{r}(\varDelta t)=\bm{r}_0+ \bm{v}(\bm{r}_0) \varDelta t
which is determined as follows.
In this way, the position of the kinematic point at a later time is also determined sequentially.

Model 2 (Results)
Now, let's apply the above to our current model.
The velocity vector field in the xy-plane will look like the one below.
Note that the total number of people, N, is determined by the initial conditions and that the moving point moves on the line x+y=N.
The vector field follows this group of lines and is directed towards the intersection of the red line in the diagram and the line where the number of people is constant.
The coordinates of the intersection point are
\displaystyle x=\frac{\beta N}{\alpha N+\beta},\qquad y=\frac{\alpha N^2}{\alpha N+\beta}
and we can see that the number of people x and y will settle down to this value after a long enough time.
The ratio of free will affirmers to deniers is then
x:y=β:α N
So we can see that the ratio of free will deniers to the total population increases as \alpha and total population N increase, and as the generational "metabolism" β decreases.
As one would expect, setting β=0 gives a ratio of 0:1, which is consistent with the results of the original model.

Phase diagram of the number of positive arguments for free will (x) and the number of negative arguments (y). Here we set α=1 and β=3, and we draw the line x+y=N=4 (blue) and the set of fixed points (red).

Palindrome
Fallen Spinoza's Pistachio (Japanese: Ochita Supinoza no Pisutachio)

Ghosts and free will
A "I wonder if ghosts really exist".
B "Of course not".
A "Then don't we have free will?"
B "Of course we do".

Magic and Free Will
Magic is a kind of freedom, in the sense that it enables us to do things that are normally considered impossible.
However, the exercise of freedom is often subject to a number of constraints.
In fact, to take an oft-mentioned example, the freedom to use language comes at the price of the inconvenience of being bound by a number of complex rules, such as grammar.
On the other hand, if you watch Harry Potter, you will see that magic also has rules and mechanisms.
If you don't cast a spell correctly, the spell can misfire, leading to accidents.
Given these circumstances, magic is similar to free will in that it is supernatural, but being able to use magic is not a matter of doing what you want, as in the exercise of free will, but rather closer to the Spinoza philosophy of activeness and 'freedom as necessity'.

OC2(h), about 30 minutes ago.

えっ！

Spinoza Picture: the denial of free will and the fictional nature of the "ought" argument (ought proposition)

Here is the relevant content of the PDF that I have linked to on the Metaphysics home page, mainly on the negation of free will. This is also a stopgap measure to separate jokes and bad writing that could be seen as insincere. The whole thing is chaotic, and there are many parts that should be rewritten, but I will leave it for a while. As soon as I think of something, I'll add it.

For those who don't understand the free will issue
Some of you may be confused about what the free will debate is all about. In the following, I will try to explain briefly what the concept of free will is. Of course, this may not be the best way to introduce the problem of free will. It is better to think of what I am going to say below as an interpretation of free will.

First of all, the dictionary definition of free will can be restated as follows. Free will is defined as the pure and absolute beginning of an action or action of the mind which breaks free from the influence of the past or of the laws of physics and causes a voluntary action. Free will is assumed to be that which can be freely invoked in the midst of apathy, and which can compel a disobedient body to action.

However, such a dictionary definition may not be enough to make sense. Let's look at apathy as a metaphor. What is lethargy? If we think of a human being as an automobile, lethargy may be compared to running out of petrol. When you run out of petrol, you can't move any more, unless you refuel from outside. But you may think that this is an inappropriate analogy. You might think that man is capable of taking action under his own power, unlike the car. Well, that's certainly a sensible way of looking at it. But, of course, just because something is a common sense decision doesn't mean that it is always the right one. In fact, it is a self-contradiction to say that it is up to us to steer ourselves, and in this case, we need to assume a supernatural power that can start the engine in the face of any lethargy. And that very supernatural power, which can start the engine in any lethargy, is what we call free will, and which is philosophically unsupportable.

A Mathematical Model of "How Many People Believe in Free Will"
With regard to free will, we can ask not only whether it exists, but also how many people in the world believe in its existence. Mathematical models, such as infectious disease models, may provide insights in this regard. In the following, we use a simple mathematical model to describe the dynamics of the proportion of people who believe in or deny free will, and briefly investigate the properties of the model. However, to be honest, this is not a realistic model, but rather a "toy" mathematical model that we play with, giving meaning to variables with interpretations such as "the number of people who believe in free will". So let's play with it.

Model 1
For simplicity, we assume that all people are either free will affirmers or deniers, and denote the number of free will affirmers by x and the number of deniers by y. Our goal is to build a model that governs the change in the number of people x and y over time, under appropriate assumptions, and to understand its behavior. We then assume that people are born free will positive. We also assume that each free-will positivist has a probability of becoming a free-will negativist of \alpha per unit time. Let us assume that this probability does not depend on the number of free will deniers, y. This corresponds, for example, to the situation where a denialist can argue to a positive denialist that free will does not exist, but will not be understood. Furthermore, we assume that once you become a free will denialist, you will never return to being a free will affirmative. This may be a rather unfair argument, but we can think of a situation in which one comes to the conclusion that free will does not exist, and is convinced that it is true. Of course, if we wanted to, we could create a model in which, on the contrary, a person who has been misled by the whispers of the devil into denying free will is converted back into a pro-free will person. Now, assuming the above, we can write down the following differential equation \dot{x}=-\alpha x,\qquad \dot{y}=\alpha x. where the dot represents the derivative with time t. Note that the number of free-will deniers decreases as the number of free-will supporters increases, so that the combined number of people, N, is kept constant: \frac \displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}(x+y)=0,\qquad x+y=\mathrm{const}=N. At this point, the number of free-will proponents decreases exponentially, and after about 1/\alpha time, free-will deniers make up the majority of the population: x x=x_0e^{-\alpha t},\qquad y=N-x_0e^{-\alpha t}. This result means that eventually (or after infinite time) everyone will be a free will denialist. This is what we would expect from the way the model is set up.

Model 2 (Introduction)
Now, for a more non-trivial result, consider the births and deaths of people. How does the number of affirmers and deniers change if the generational change takes place before everyone becomes a free will deniers? In the following, we introduce the number of people born per unit of time β. This has the same dimension as the parameter α, which is the reciprocal of time. Given that we have already assumed that people are born free will affirmers, we consider this number β to be the increase in the number of free will affirmers. If we consider a model in which the total number of people in the system is constant, then this same number of people must die in a unit of time. In this case, it is natural to assign the number of people β to each death, according to the ratio of the number of free will affirmers to the number of deniers x,y at each time. The equation of the model can thus be extended as follows \displaystyle \dot{x}=-\alpha x+\beta-\beta \frac{x}{x+y},\qquad \dot{y}=\alpha x-\beta \frac{y}{x+y}.

A way of looking at differential equations
In order to understand qualitatively the evolution of the number of people x,y according to this equation, we introduce a way of looking at the differential equation. If we consider a point (x,y) in the xy-plane whose coordinates are the values of x,y at each time, this point moves in the xy-plane with time. Identifying the motion of this moving point corresponds to understanding the behaviour of the solution of the differential equation. The above equation gives the velocity (\dot{x},\dot{y}) that the point under consideration has at position (x,y). Since this is defined at any position (x,y), it forms a velocity field (in this case it is a stationary, i.e. time-invariant field). If we can draw the velocity field in the xy-plane, we can qualitatively understand the motion of the moving point as follows. That is, if the moving point is at position \bm{r}_0 at the initial time, then given the velocity \bm{v}(\bm{r}_0) at that position, the position after a small time \varDelta t is \bm{r}(\varDelta t)=\bm{r}_0+ \bm{v}(\bm{r}_0) \varDelta t which is determined as follows. In this way, the position of the kinematic point at a later time is also determined sequentially.

Model 2 (Results)
Now, let's apply the above to our current model. The velocity vector field in the xy-plane will look like the one below. Note that the total number of people, N, is determined by the initial conditions and that the moving point moves on the line x+y=N. The vector field follows this group of lines and is directed towards the intersection of the red line in the diagram and the line where the number of people is constant. The coordinates of the intersection point are \displaystyle x=\frac{\beta N}{\alpha N+\beta},\qquad y=\frac{\alpha N^2}{\alpha N+\beta} and we can see that the number of people x and y will settle down to this value after a long enough time. The ratio of free will affirmers to deniers is then x:y=β:α N So we can see that the ratio of free will deniers to the total population increases as \alpha and total population N increase, and as the generational "metabolism" β decreases. As one would expect, setting β=0 gives a ratio of 0:1, which is consistent with the results of the original model.

Phase diagram of the number of positive arguments for free will (x) and the number of negative arguments (y). Here we set α=1 and β=3, and we draw the line x+y=N=4 (blue) and the set of fixed points (red).

Palindrome
Fallen Spinoza's Pistachio (Japanese: Ochita Supinoza no Pisutachio)

Ghosts and free will
A "I wonder if ghosts really exist".
B "Of course not".
A "Then don't we have free will?"
B "Of course we do".

Magic and Free Will
Magic is a kind of freedom, in the sense that it enables us to do things that are normally considered impossible. However, the exercise of freedom is often subject to a number of constraints. In fact, to take an oft-mentioned example, the freedom to use language comes at the price of the inconvenience of being bound by a number of complex rules, such as grammar. On the other hand, if you watch Harry Potter, you will see that magic also has rules and mechanisms. If you don't cast a spell correctly, the spell can misfire, leading to accidents. Given these circumstances, magic is similar to free will in that it is supernatural, but being able to use magic is not a matter of doing what you want, as in the exercise of free will, but rather closer to the Spinoza philosophy of activeness and 'freedom as necessity'.

About "nothing more, nothing less"
Precisely, everything is both greater than and less than. Note that this is true for any real number a, since a≥a implies a>a or a=a. In English, it is nothing more, nothing less, which is correct because it does not contain an equal sign.

Ability is part of your luck
It is said that "luck is part of your ability", but it is true that "ability is part of your luck". Even if we could define what we could call "ability", there is no free will to acquire as much ability as we want. There is a book, which I learned later, called “Ability is part of your luck (original title: The Tyranny of Merit: What's Become of the Common Good?)" (Sandel).

The antonym of phenomenon is...
The antonym for phenomenon is essence, which may be thought of as the essence of physics. Or as I see it, the antonym of phenomenon is physics. Essence and phenomenon may be thought of as corresponding to substance and form respectively in Spinoza's philosophy.

Science without faith?
At the heart of the scientific worldview, and physics in particular, is the metaphysical idea that "everything is inevitable". However, its correctness is not proved by science, and science can be discussed separately from philosophy and religion. Nevertheless, can we any longer find meaning in a "pure" science that is separated from philosophy and religion? Even if we are familiar with such a faithless science and physics, it would be like saying "I have studied physics, but in the end I don't believe in the laws of physics, and I believe that they can be easily broken by human free will" (though I don't think that is a bad thing). Such a non-religious view of science can only degenerate into the nonsense that, on the one hand, recognises the search for universal natural laws as an intellectual attitude, but, on the other hand, says that natural laws do not always have to be true. Such a question is probably shared by Einstein's thinking.

A religious worldview is more coherent (Freud)
Freud criticises those who try to dismiss misbehaviour, such as misspoken words, as mere coincidence. The following remarks are equally applicable to those who do not doubt the existence of free will.

What does he mean by this? Is he going to argue that there are trivial events that may or may not be out of the continuum of events in the world? If you break the determinism of the natural world in this way, even at any one point, you are abandoning the academic worldview. You can point out to him how much more coherent is the religious worldview which declares that not a single sparrow will fall from a roof unless God's will is at work. (Freud, 2019, Introduction to Psychoanalysis (translated by Katsumi Kaketa), Chuokoron Shinsha, Tokyo, 33.)

Of course, as I have already said many times, the introduction of chance and non-determinism does not help to save free will in any way.

"Strength of will" as an example of self-promotion
A job-hunting support site introduces example sentences for an entry sheet. The first sentence of the self-promotion is "My strength is that I have a strong will to carry through with the decisions I make" (https://job.mynavi.jp/conts/2022/es_perfect/study/#anc02). Needless to say, the ability to get things done cannot be simply attributed to personal characteristics such as "strength of will". Nor can the will be a purely subjective, voluntary, and active capacity to initiate action for which one can be held accountable. Nevertheless, modern society considers the will as absolute and elevates it to the status of free will. Of course, it may be short-sighted to say that this example is proof of modern society's blind faith in the will, but isn't it suggestive and symbolic of the importance modern society places on things like "will", "decision" and "choice"?

If we dare to write an example sentence that clearly denies free will without being caught up in this trend, it would be something like the following

Self-promotion (fictional)
I have studied physics. I have always had doubts and opposition to the ideology that humans have free will and to the claim that "this is how people and the world should be", and I think that physics, which simply tries to understand how the world is, is a good match for me.

Motivation (fictional)
The idea that humans have free will is the dominant ideology that pervades modern society, and education is a typical place where free will is sought as a supernatural ability to motivate. However, I believe that learning is achieved through necessity, as in "I study because I like it". I hope to contribute to such a paradigm shift through my work in education.

Empty the mind and one pitch of consecration?
Sophisticated movements are achieved by the unconscious mind, which in turn is seen to be in free control of one's body. In sports, therefore, the mind must be absent and the movements must be put into the unconscious. However, slogans such as "One pitch of consecration" ("One shot of consecration" in Kyudo) seem to point in the opposite direction.

OC2(h), about 2 hours ago.

I woke up surprisingly early.

I woke up 45 minutes ago.

What is Colombin?

Wikipedia: It’s a confectionery company of French pastries, mainly shortcakes, cookies and Harajuku baked chocolates, with its head office in Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo and its main shop in Ginza, Chuo-ku, Tokyo.

DeepL: It’s turd.

Swimming in a sea of arbitrariness...

In the aftermath of heartbreak after Karuta, estimated to be 21.5 hours ago.

UGftNC, about 15 minutes ago.

Unless otherwise noted, Uncensored Girl from the North Country (abbreviated UGftNC or UGNC) refers to creampie.

OC2(h)

I may release a set of records for the first three months of this year with corrected estimated time errors at the end of March.

>>200
A newly arrived prequel concerning the young Kimika, its educators and their victims served as a catalyst.

Although there is some confusion in the practice of atopic dermatitis, particularly in terms of treatment, many dermatologists are not questioning the treatment methods that are appropriate to the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. In other words, atopic dermatitis is regarded as eczema with a chronic course due to inflammation caused by multiple nonspecific irritants or specific allergens, accompanied by physiological dysfunctions of the skin, and topical steroid therapy is mainly used to treat the inflammation, while topical moisturisers and other treatments are used to treat the physiological dysfunctions. There is an established consensus that the basis of treatment is to eliminate aggravating factors as far as possible, with skincare and the use of antihistamines and anti-allergic agents as adjunctive therapies for pruritus.
　
However, what is currently confusing dermatologists involved in the treatment of atopic dermatitis based on this understanding is that patients and society in general have developed a distrust of topical steroids, which are the mainstay of treatment, with little evidence, and a tendency to avoid topical steroids has grown stronger, leading to severe cases without the necessary and appropriate treatment. The number of patients is increasing, resulting in significant disadvantages for patients.
　
The "Committee for Future Dermatology", an advisory body to the President of the Japanese Dermatological Association, agreed that it is an urgent task for the Japanese Dermatological Association to improve this situation, and as part of this process, it was agreed that "Atopic Dermatitis Treatment Guidelines" should be prepared and the basic treatment methods made publicly known to society. The proposal was submitted to the Board of Directors of the Dermatological Society, which gave its approval, and at the request of the Scientific Committee, a preparatory committee was organised with the following members.
　
The guidelines are intended only to reaffirm the principles of treatment for dermatologists who have acquired sufficient dermatological skills, understand the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and have sufficient experience in the treatment of atopic dermatitis, but are not intended to be a guide to the treatment of atopic dermatitis for those who are otherwise involved in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. For physicians, it explains the need for dermatological training as a prerequisite for medical treatment, and for patients and society, it presents a basic policy that the Japanese Dermatological Association considers appropriate at the present time.
　
In 1999, the Health and Welfare Science Research Group published guidelines for the treatment of atopic dermatitis, which were "designed for a wide range of clinicians involved in the treatment of atopic dermatitis" and also stated that "if no improvement is seen after about one month of treatment, the patient should be referred to a specialist doctor or facility". It states that 'referral should be considered' and is designed for primary care physicians. On the other hand, these guidelines are intended for doctors specialising in dermatological care, who treat atopic dermatitis from the primary care stage to the stage where a high degree of specialisation is required, and therefore have a different raison d'être.

2. Pathogenesis
　
Eczema and dermatitis is a group of eczema and dermatitis diseases characterized by chronic inflammation of the skin with pruritus, which is caused by a variety of non-specific irritant reactions and specific allergic reactions in association with physiological abnormalities of the skin, such as dryness and abnormal barrier function of the skin, particularly due to abnormalities in the stratum corneum.
　
Although the disease is generally chronic, spontaneous remission can be expected if symptoms are kept under control by appropriate treatment.
　
3. Diagnosis
　
The diagnosis of atopic dermatitis is easy for dermatologists because of the presence of so-called atopic skin which is dry and goosebump-like and characteristic eczematous lesions, but there is no problem in referring to the diagnostic criteria of the Japanese Dermatological Association. However, it is necessary to be familiar with the diseases listed as diagnoses to be ruled out, with extensive dermatological knowledge and diagnostic skills.
　
4. Severity of the disease
　
The choice of topical therapy, which is the mainstay of treatment, is made according to the 'severity of the individual skin rash' and is not determined by the 'severity of the disease as a disease' as assessed by the severity of the skin rash and its spread. In other words, a sufficiently potent topical treatment is selected for a narrow but severe skin rash, while a broad but mild skin rash does not require a potent topical treatment. Therefore, from the point of view of selecting topical therapy, the most important factor is the 'severity of individual skin rashes', which is judged comprehensively from the following skin rash characteristics, and the severity of skin rashes must be judged by a doctor with dermatological skills sufficient to make this judgement and to predict the effectiveness of treatment. The biggest difference between the guidelines of the Health Science Research Group and these guidelines is the method of determining the severity of the condition. This is because a high degree of expertise is required to determine the 'severity of the rash'.
　
Characteristics of the rash
　
Dryness, erythema (degree of swelling/edema/infiltration, degree of lichenification), papules (full, serous), prurigo nodules, scales (pityriasis, lobular, membranous, etc.), crusts (blood crusts), blisters, pustules, erosions, ulcers, scars, pigmentation, depigmentation, etc.
　
Severity of skin rash
　
Severe: Mainly erythema with severe swelling/edema/infiltration or lichenification, multiple papules, severe scaling, crusting, vesicles, erosions, numerous scrape marks and pruritic nodules.
　
Moderate: Mainly erythema and scaling up to moderate severity.
　
Mild: Mainly dry and mild erythema, scaling, etc.
　
Minor: Mainly dry symptoms with poor inflammatory symptoms.
　
5. Treatment goals
　
The goal of treatment is to bring the patient to a state of
　
1) No symptoms, or if present, they are minor, do not interfere with daily life and do not require much drug treatment.
　
2) Minor or mild inflammation persists, but rarely worsens acutely or, if it does, it is not prolonged.

6. Drug therapy
　
Atopic dermatitis is a multi-pathogenic disease with a genetic predisposition and there is no drug therapy that can cure the disease itself. Symptomatic treatment is therefore the rule.
　
(1) At present, topical steroids are the only drugs that can sufficiently calm the inflammation of atopic dermatitis and whose efficacy and safety have been scientifically proven. Other topical agents include topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (topical NSAIDs), but their anti-inflammatory action is very weak, contact dermatitis is not uncommon and their indications are narrow. A further topical agent that has recently come into use is topical tacrolimus, a transplantation immunosuppressant. Although this drug is intended only for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in adults, it is highly indicated for the treatment of skin rashes, particularly on the face, where it is more useful than the medium class of topical steroids, although transient irritation is a frequent occurrence. However, the drug's efficacy is comparable to that of the strong class of topical steroids and is not sufficient for severe skin rashes. In addition, the drug is not currently indicated for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in children and is not a drug that can be used for the treatment of all atopic dermatitis. Therefore, at present, its use must be in accordance with the Guidance on the Use of Tacrolimus Ointment in Atopic Dermatitis (Rin-Ki 53:1057-1068, 1999) and must be used by physicians with a high degree of expertise who fully understand its content.
　
Therefore, there is currently no other topical steroid that can rapidly and reliably soothe the inflammation of atopic dermatitis and relieve the patient's pain, is widely available and has been fully evaluated for its efficacy and safety, and how it is selected and used is fundamental to its treatment. Because they are drugs, topical steroids naturally have side effects, especially topical side effects, but it is important to select the appropriate drug for the severity of the skin rash, rather than selecting a topical steroid that is stronger than necessary, as there is generally a parallel between high efficacy and the likelihood of topical side effects. Therefore, the following choices should be made according to the 'severity of the individual skin rash'.
　
Severe: The first choice should be a necessary and sufficiently effective topical steroid from the Very Strong or Strong class. Medium and lower classes are usually not sufficiently effective. If pruritic nodules do not respond adequately to the Very Strong class, the Strongest class may be selected for use in that area only.
　
Moderate: Topical steroids of the Strong or Medium class are the first choice. Weak classes are usually not sufficiently effective.
　
Mild: Topical steroids of medium class or lower should be the first choice.
　
Minor: Topical preparations without steroids (e.g. Vaseline, urea ointments, ointments containing heparin-like substances, zinc oxide ointments, hydrophilic ointments) should be selected.
　
Formulation of topical steroids: The choice of formulation, such as ointment, cream, lotion or tape, should be based on the nature and site of the lesion.
　
Frequency of topical application: In principle, twice daily (morning and evening: after bathing). However, when reducing the rank of topical steroids or switching to topical preparations that do not contain steroids, it is necessary to ensure that there are no flare-ups while administering intermittent doses, such as once daily or every other day.

Topical dosage: Results of long-term use studies of the Very Strong class of topical steroids have shown that, in normal adult patients, starting with an initial topical dose of 5-10 g/day, which is a sufficient dose, and tapering off according to symptoms, can result in transient and reversible suppression of adrenal function over a period of 3 months, but not irreversible systemic suppression. Continuous daily use of 5-10 g of topical steroids for more than three months is highly unusual, but in such cases, adequate testing for systemic effects should be performed regularly, and appropriate measures should be taken to allow dose reduction of topical steroids in individual patients. In infants and children, a smaller initial topical dose is usually initiated, but a daily dose based on body weight should be converted from the adult dose and used as a guide.
　
Discontinuation of topical application: Topical steroids should not be discontinued abruptly after resolution of inflammatory symptoms, but should be discontinued gradually with gradual reduction or intermittent administration while monitoring symptoms. However, this does not apply if adverse effects of topical steroids are evident.
　
Infants and children: As a rule, topical steroids of one rank lower than the above should be used in severe and moderate cases. However, if ineffective, topical steroids of the above ranks should be used under adequate supervision.
　
Facial: As a rule, topical steroids of medium class or lower should be used, taking into account the high drug absorption rate. Even in such cases, twice-daily topical application should be limited to about one week, with a shift to intermittent administration and a rest period. Although many of the erythematous lesions on the face in adult patients seen more frequently in recent years are due to factors other than topical steroids, including scratching, the area should be carefully monitored for local side effects and a thorough medical examination should be carried out before prescribing.
　
The face is a highly indicated area for tacrolimus ointment and its use according to these guidelines should be actively considered.
　
Compliance: Misconceptions about topical steroids (confusion with the side effects of oral steroids and with worsening atopic dermatitis itself) often lead to fear and avoidance of topical steroids, resulting in poor compliance. It is necessary to spend sufficient consultation time explaining and guiding the patient to overcome this misunderstanding, which in turn influences the effectiveness of treatment.
　
Side effects of topical steroids: With appropriate use of topical steroids, the systemic side effects seen with oral agents, such as adrenal insufficiency, diabetes mellitus and moon face, are unlikely to occur. Topical side effects such as steroid suppuration, steroid flushing, skin atrophy, hypertrichosis, bacterial, fungal and viral skin infections may occasionally occur but are reversible with discontinuation or appropriate treatment. Events of steroid resistance (reduced efficacy with repeated use) are also not experienced with normal use. Pigmentation may occur after the use of topical steroids, but this is after the dermatitis has subsided and is not caused by topical steroids. Rarely, allergic contact dermatitis due to topical steroids can occur.

(2) Topical therapy for abnormal skin physiology
　
After sufficient quenching of inflammation with topical steroids has been achieved, skincare with topical, steroid-free products should be applied with the aim of complementing dryness and impaired barrier function and preventing inflammation flare-ups. In principle, topical treatment should be continued even for minor skin symptoms, as failure to do so can easily lead to flare-ups of inflammation and reduce the value of topical steroids, which should be applied twice daily, with gradual reduction or intermittent dosing once flare-ups are confirmed to be non-existent. Caution should be exercised in the development of contact dermatitis as a side effect, and it is important to distinguish it from flare-ups of atopic dermatitis. If a flare-up of atopic dermatitis occurs during maintenance treatment with topical steroid-free agents, do not hesitate to return to topical steroid treatment, aiming for early resolution of inflammation and return to maintenance treatment.
　
(3) Systemic therapy
　
Atopic dermatitis is characterised by subjective symptoms of pruritus, and drugs with antihistaminic properties are used to reduce the distress with the aim of preventing aggravation due to scratching caused by itching. The so-called anti-allergic effects of anti-allergic agents, such as inhibition of chemical mediator release, are expected to be effective as an adjunctive therapy to topical therapy and do not independently suppress inflammation in atopic dermatitis.

7. Search for aggravating factors
　
If a trusting relationship between patient and doctor is established and the above-mentioned pharmacotherapy is sufficiently effective, the goals of treatment can be achieved in most cases. In cases where this is not achieved, a search for aggravating factors is necessary, with some differences in the factors suspected to be involved depending on the age group.
　
In infants, dietary allergens are involved to some extent. In later age groups, environmental allergens (dust mites, house dust, etc.) are suspected to be involved, while contact factors, including topical products, and stress may be aggravating factors in all age groups.
　
The relevance of allergens should be determined after removal or challenge testing, if possible, with reference to medical history, blood tests and skin tests, and should not be determined solely on the basis of clinical symptoms or blood tests alone, for example. Even if the allergen can be identified, the disease is multifactorial and allergen elimination is an adjunctive therapy to drug therapy, and is not expected to be sufficient to cure the disease.
　
8. Psychosomatic aspects
　
In severe cases of atopic dermatitis, especially in adults, psychosocial stresses other than atopic dermatitis, such as relationships, busyness, career conflicts and autonomic anxiety, are involved, and not infrequently cause a scratching behaviour that can be called addictive or dependent, resulting in a worsening of the skin rash by the patient. Similar scratching behaviour may also be observed in paediatric patients due to frustration at not being able to satisfy their need for affection. In such cases, treatment from both a physical and mental perspective is necessary and may require a team approach, including psychiatrists.

9. Lifestyle guidance
　
Keep skin clean by bathing and showering.
　
Keep the room clean and create an environment with the right temperature and humidity.
　
Maintain a regular lifestyle and avoid excessive drinking and eating.
　
Wear non-irritating clothing.
　
Cut nails short to avoid skin damage due to scratching.
　
Note that ocular lesions (cataract, retinal rupture, retinal detachment) can occur not only due to the use of topical steroids but also due to the scratching and beating of the skin rash around the eye, and in cases of severe facial symptoms, the patient should be examined by an ophthalmologist on a regular basis.
　
Bacterial, fungal and viral skin infections may occur. Care should be taken to keep the skin in good condition.
　
10. Other treatments
　
Other specialised treatments, the effectiveness of which has only been highlighted in some centres and many of which have not been scientifically proven effective, are not covered in these guidelines for basic treatment. Among special therapies, PUVA therapy has received some recognition, but a separate guideline needs to be established for it to be commonly used.

1. Introduction
Atopic dermatitis is a condition frequently encountered in daily practice. In Japan, there have been two guidelines for the treatment of atopic dermatitis: the Japanese Dermatological Association Guidelines for the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis, which were developed for doctors specialising in dermatology who treat patients with atopic dermatitis from the primary care stage to the stage where a high level of specialisation is required; and the Japanese Society of Allergology Guidelines for the Treatment of Allergic Diseases, which are intended for doctors who treat patients with allergic diseases other than dermatological diseases. In 2018, these two guidelines were integrated into a single guideline for all doctors and healthcare professionals involved in the treatment of patients with atopic dermatitis. Guidelines have been developed. This revised edition of the Atopic Dermatitis Clinical Practice Guideline has been developed by adding new findings on atopic dermatitis* published in Japan and abroad. The descriptions of medical practices in this guideline provide a guide to medical treatment of atopic dermatitis in Japan at the present time* from the perspective of evidence-based medicine (EBM), including guidelines and goals of treatment, and can be used for decision-making in the field of medical practice. The following table shows the most common types of information on the use of the system. The final decision in clinical practice must be made by the attending physician in collaboration with the patient, fully reflecting the patient's values and wishes for treatment. *In principle, until the end of December 2020.

1) Department of Cutaneous and Mucosal Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School (Chairperson).
2) National Centre for Allergy, National Centre for Child Health and Development (Vice-Chair)
3) University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Medical Information Management (Vice-Chair).
4) North Kanto Allergy Research Institute affiliated with the House of Hope
5) Department of Cutaneous and Mucosal Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
6) Department of Paediatrics, The Third Hospital of The Jikei University Hospital
7) Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
8) Hiroshima University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Dermatology
9) Department of Dermatology, Saitama Medical University
10) Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University
11) National Hospital Organisation Mie Hospital, Clinical Research Department, Allergic Disease Therapy Development
Laboratory.
12) Department of Paediatrics, Kyorin University School of Medicine
13) Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Hiroshima University
14) Allergy Centre, National Hospital Organisation Mie Hospital
15) Department of Paediatrics, National Hospital Organisation Nagoya Medical Centre
16) Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
17) Department of Paediatrics, Saitama Medical Centre, Dokkyo Medical University
18) Department of Dermatopathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
19) National Centre for Allergy, National Centre for Child Health and Development

1.1 Disclaimer
These practice guidelines are not intended to prevent the medical treatment performed based on the circumstances of each case from being different from that described here, nor are they intended to negate the experience of the medical practitioner. Conversely, the failure to implement what is described in these Guidelines does not provide grounds for holding the doctors responsible for the actual practice. The use of these Guidelines as a source for medical disputes or medical litigation is a deviation from their original purpose. Even if a treatment is not covered by insurance (unapproved drug), if it has evidence in Japan or abroad, it may be listed in the guideline and a recommendation may be added. It is not correct to assume that drugs and treatments listed in guidelines can be used freely in practice. The same applies to the use and intended use of drugs that are listed as contraindicated or prudently administered in the accompanying text, and their inclusion in the guidelines does not exempt them from such restrictions. It is important to take action on individual drugs based on the latest information on safety and other relevant information in the package inserts.

1.2 Conflicts of interest
Based on the standards for conflicts of interest of the institution to which each committee member belongs or the COI Management Guidelines* of the Japan Medical Association and the Guidance on Eligibility Criteria for Participation in the Formulation of Clinical Practice Guidelines**, the committee members were asked to prepare a list of conflicts of interest (COI) for the past three years back to the previous year and every year until the publication of the guidelines when they assumed their posts. Self-reporting of COI status was carried out. Costs for the preparation of these guidelines were funded by the research funds of the Japanese Dermatological Association and the Japanese Society of Allergology Guideline Development Committee. The members of the preparation committee did not receive any remuneration for preparing the manuscript of this guideline or for participating in meetings. There were no interventions by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, the Japanese Dermatological Association or the Japanese Society of Allergology to influence the content of the guidelines. To ensure that the existence of conflicts of interest did not influence the content of the guidelines, all recommended decisions were made by consensus with all members voting, rather than by individual assignments. Committee members with a financial or academic COI or other COI in relation to the Clinical Question (CQ) being voted on could participate in the discussion but abstain from voting, or they could choose to abstain from voting on a CQ that they judged to be completely outside their expertise. The proposal was also refined with reference to the opinions (public comments) from the delegates of the conference.

Guideline members and their relatives within the first degree of consanguinity were asked to report whether they received any remuneration from companies or other organisations involved in the diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis for the following items. The period covered was from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2020: 1. directors' and advisers' remuneration, 2. shareholding interests, 3. royalties, 4. speaking fees, 5. manuscript fees, 6. clinical research funding (e.g. contract research funding, collaborative research funding, investigational research funding), 7. scholarship donations, 8. endowed courses from companies and others, 9. travel expenses, 10. Receipt of gifts etc. . Companies and organisations concerned: Hidehisa Saeki [Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation (lecture fees, scholarship donation), Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. (lecture fees, clinical research expenses), Sanofi K.K. (lecture fees, clinical research expenses), AbbVie G.K. (lecture fees, clinical research expenses), Novartis Pharma K.K. (lecture fees), Eli Lilly Japan K.K. (lecture fees), Kyorin Pharmaceutical K.K. (lecture fees), Eisai K.K. (scholarship donation), Tokiwa Pharmaceutical Co. (scholarship donation), Japan Tobacco Inc. (lecture fees), LeoPharma K.K. (clinical research funding)], Yukihiro Oya [Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co. (lecture fees), Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma (lecture fees), Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma (lecture fees), Maruho (lecture fees, scholarship donation), AbbVie GK (lecture fees), Sanofi (lecture fees), Shiseido Japan (lecture fees), Teijin (e.g. lecture fees), Chugai Pharmaceutical (e.g. lecture fees), Torii Pharmaceutical (e.g. lecture fees), Eli Lilly Japan (e.g. lecture fees), Bayer (e.g. lecture fees), Pola Pharma (e.g. lecture fees), Mylan EPD (e.g. lecture fees), Sinotest (e.g. lecture fees) (scholarship donation)], Koichi Arakawa [Novartis Pharma (scholarship donation), Maruho K.K. (scholarship donation)], Toshio Katsunuma [Torii Pharmaceuticals (lecture fee), Maruho K.K. (lecture fee), Kyorin Pharmaceutical (lecture fee)], Norito Kato [Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation (lecture fee, scholarship donation) (lecture fees, scholarship donation), Torii Pharmaceuticals (lecture fees, scholarship donation), Maruho (lecture fees, scholarship donation), Kyowa Kirin (lecture fees, scholarship donation), Sanofi (lecture fees, scholarship donation, clinical research expenses), AbbVie LLC (lecture fees) (lecture fees, scholarship donation), Janssen Pharma K.K. (lecture fees, clinical research funding), Eli Lilly Japan K.K. (lecture fees, clinical research funding), Celgene Corporation (lecture fees), Eisai Corporation (scholarship donation), Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim (clinical research funding), Japan Tobacco Inc. (clinical research expenses), UCB Japan K.K. (clinical research expenses), A2 Healthcare K.K. (clinical research expenses), Leo Pharma K.K. (lecture fees, clinical research expenses)],

Akio Tanaka [Torii Pharmaceuticals K.K. (lecture fees), Maruho K.K. (lecture fees, scholarship donation), Kyowa Kirin Co. (scholarship donation), Sanofi K.K. (lecture fees, scholarship donation)], Yuichiro Tsunemuka [Eisai K.K. (lecture fees), Sanofi K.K. (lecture fees), Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. (lecture fees), Kyowa Hakko Kirin (lecture fees)], Mizuho Nagao [Novartis Pharma (lecture fees)], Takeshi Nakahara [Maruho K.K. (lecture fees, endowed lecture), Taiho Pharmaceutical K.K. (scholarship donation), Sanofi K.K. 2692● Journal of the Japan Skin Society: 131 (13), 2691-. 2777, 2021 (2021/3) Atopic Dermatitis Clinical Practice Guidelines Development Committee (lecture fees, etc.)], Shudohiro [GlaxoSmithKline (lecture fees, scholarship donation), Sanofi (lecture fees, clinical research funding), Taiho Pharmaceutical Industry (lecture fees, scholarship donation), Takeda Pharmaceutical Industry (lecture fees), Mitsubishi Tanabe (lecture fees) (lecture fees, etc.), Novartis Pharma (lecture fees, clinical research fees), Maruho (lecture fees, etc.), Vasclin (clinical research fees)], Takao Fujisawa [Maruho K.K. (lecture fees, clinical research fees), Torii Pharmaceutical (lecture fees)], Masaki Futamura [Maruho K.K. (lecture fees)], Koji Masuda [Sanofi K.K. ( (lecture fees), Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation (lecture fees), Eli Lilly Japan K.K. (clinical research expenses)], Hiroyuki Murota [Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation (lecture fees), Shiseido Company, Limited (lecture fees), Sanofi Corporation (lecture fees), Maruho Corporation (lecture fees), Japan Tobacco Inc. (e.g. fees), Novartis Pharma (e.g. fees)]

2. definition, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, severity, etc.

2.1 Definition and disease concept of atopic dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis is a disease characterised by itchy eczema with recurrent exacerbations and flares, with many patients having a 'predisposition to atopy'*.
It is an eczematous disease with a characteristic symmetrical distribution, and the site of predilection differs according to age. The disease begins in infancy or early childhood and either goes into remission in childhood or recurs without remission, with symptoms persisting into adulthood, with characteristic eczematous lesions chronically present. Adolescent/adult-onset atopic dermatitis also exists, although less frequently.
*"Predisposition to atopy".
(1) Family history or history of (bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, one or more of these diseases), or (2) predisposition to IgE antibody production. The presence of allergy is not essential for the definition of atopic dermatitis. This differs from, for example, allergic rhinitis, where proof of allergy is mandatory for diagnosis. Family and medical history does not consider urticaria; predisposition to produce IgE antibodies is considered in terms of blood total IgE levels and allergen-specific IgE antibody titres. Total IgE levels increase with the activity of the dermatitis and are often low in mild cases. Allergen-specific IgE antibody titres are helpful in mild cases.

2.2 Pathophysiology
Atopic dermatitis is a multi-pathogenic disease. The pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis is mediated by a complex combination of various aetiological factors against a background of hypersensitivity of the skin and other organs due to a predisposition to atopy (constitution) and a weak barrier function. The lack of hierarchy among these aetiologies contributes to the diversity of symptoms and phenotypes of atopic dermatitis.

(1) Skin sensitivity

1) Abnormalities of the stratum corneum
The stratum corneum is a thin film-like structure 10-20 µm thick that exists on the outermost surface of the skin and is composed of more than ten layers of stratum corneum cells and intercellular lipids that fill the spaces between them, forming a barrier that prevents leakage of body fluids, retains water in the stratum corneum and contributes to biological defence. Barrier dysfunction in the stratum corneum increases the skin's susceptibility to non-specific stimuli, and also predisposes to antigen sensitisation and inflammation. The main components of intercellular lipids are ceramide, cholesterol and free fatty acids, but in atopic dermatitis the function of intercellular lipids is impaired due to an abnormally low ceramide content, mainly impairing their ability to retain water. Keratinocytes with keratin and filaggrin parenchyma are structurally robust because the cell membrane is lined by insoluble structures called pericellular zones, which contribute to the formation of a strong barrier. Loss-of-function genetic mutations and inflammation-associated down-regulation of filaggrin have been identified in atopic dermatitis.

2) Epidermal abnormalities
The epidermis also performs an important skin barrier function. There are intercellular adhesive structures called tight junctions between epidermal cells to ensure that there are no gaps between them. In particular, tight junctions in the granular layer regulate the movement of substances in and out of the body, and reduced expression of claudin-1, which plays an important role in their formation, and the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms have been identified in patients with atopic dermatitis.

(2) Mechanisms of inflammation
Impairment of the skin barrier function leads to increased penetration of antigens (allergens) into the skin. Antigens that are non-self are eliminated by the immune response, and an excessive immune response leads to an allergic reaction. Allergens induce type 2 immune responses not only as protein antigens but also by protease action, as in the case of mite antigens. In addition, IL-33, IL-25 and TSLP produced by epidermal keratinocytes induce type 2 immune responses by activating type 2 innate lymphocytes and Th2 cells in the lesions, and type 2 immune responses lead to the induction of allergen-specific IgE. Langerhans cells and mast cells express IgE high-affinity receptors (FcεRI) and release cytokines and chemical transmitters (e.g. histamine) via allergen-specific IgE, which induce inflammation. Furthermore, under such inflammation, TARCs are produced in the lesional skin, promoting infiltration of Th2 cells into the lesion; Th22 cells migrate into the skin by activated dendritic cells and produce IL-22, which induces epidermal thickening. The S100 protein produced by epidermal injury further activates lymphocytes. Infiltration of other T-cell subsets (Th1, Th17 cells) into the lesional skin has also been reported, but their detailed role in the pathogenesis of the disease remains unclear.

(3) Itching
Itching is defined as 'an unpleasant sensation in the skin that causes an urge to scratch'. Itching is diverse and can be described as 'itchy', 'prickly' or 'jittery'. Visual or auditory stimuli that evoke itching may cause itching, a phenomenon that is particularly strong in atopic dermatitis. There is a condition in which tactile stimuli, such as thermal pain or friction from clothing, are perceived as itchy (itch hypersensitivity).
Epidermal damage due to trauma and scratch, and exposure to antigens and irritants activate innate and acquired immunity, respectively, and establish a cytokine network that maintains a Th2-type immune response. Epidermis exposed to scratch and pathogens produces Th2 cytokines/chemokines called alarmins, such as IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP (thymic stromal lymphoprotein). Dendritic cells and Langerhans cells activated by antigen exposure also produce TARC (thymus and activation-regulated chemokine) and MDC (macrophage-derived chemokine), which activate migration of Th2 cells. As a result, Th2 cells infiltrating the skin produce IL-31 and IL-4, cytokines that directly induce itch by acting on functional IL-31 receptors expressed on peripheral nerves; IL-4 lowers the response threshold to pruritogenic factors via IL-4 receptors on peripheral nerves, resulting in chronic itch. IL-4 is also involved in pruritus, which is caused by exposure to histamine through eosinophil migration and mast cell degranulation due to increased IgE production.
Activation of spinal dorsal horn astrocytes and expression of lipocalin 2 by chronic dermatitis reduce the activity threshold of neurons, resulting in itch hypersensitivity. The extension of cutaneous sensory nerves to just below the stratum corneum on the skin surface in association with dry skin and inflammation is considered to contribute to itch hypersensitivity.
Substance P, which is mainly derived from peripheral nerves, produces itch by degranulation via neurokinin1 receptors on peripheral nerves or via MrgprX2 (sensory neuron-specific G protein-coupled receptor) on mast cells.

2.3 Genetic factors
Candidate genes for aetiology associated with atopic dermatitis include CTLA4, IL18, TLR9, CD14, CARD4, PHF11, TLR2, SCCE, MCC, IL4R, GM-CSF, TIM1, CARD15, GSTT1, SPINK5, SCYA11, TGFβ1, IL-13,. RANTES, IL4 and FCER1B have been reported14) . Furthermore, whole-genome linkage analysis of Japanese samples revealed 2q12 (IL1RL1/IL18R1/IL18RAP), 3q21.33 (GLB1), 3q13.2 (CCDC80), 6p21.3 (MHC region), 7p22 (CARD11), 10q21.2 (ZNF365) and 11q15.4 (ZNF365). OR10A3/NLRP10) and 20q13 (CYP24A1/PFDN4) were reported as candidate genes associated with atopic dermatitis.

2.4 Onset and exacerbating factors
Factors involved in the onset and exacerbation of the disease must be taken into account when considering the pathogenesis of the disease. Adherence to treatment, as well as exposure to antigens and irritants in the workplace and daily living environment, lifestyle and environmental factors such as temperature and humidity, and alterations in skin physiology are involved in the maintenance and exacerbation of dermatitis. Heat, perspiration, wool fibres, mental stress, food, alcohol consumption and the common cold are particularly important factors that induce or aggravate itching in atopic dermatitis. The nature of these onset and aggravating factors and specific countermeasures are discussed below.

2.5 Epidemiology

(1) Worldwide prevalence and trends in atopic dermatitis
A worldwide study of the prevalence of atopic dermatitis was conducted by the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) in 1994-1996 in an epidemiological survey (phase I). This was a questionnaire survey, but a large one, covering 56 countries: at 6-7 years of age, prevalence ranged from 1.1% in Iran to 18.4% in Sweden, with an overall prevalence of 7.3%; at 13-14 years of age, prevalence ranged from 0.8% in Albania to 17.7% in Nigeria, with an overall prevalence of 7.3%; at 13-14 years of age, prevalence ranged from 0.8% in Albania to 17.7% in Nigeria, with an overall prevalence of 7.3%. The overall rate was 7.4%. Generally, prevalence was higher in Oceania and Northern Europe, and lower in Asia and Eastern Europe. The countries with the highest prevalence rates were Sweden (18.4% at 6-7 years and 14.5% at 13-14 years), Finland (14.5% at 13-14 years), the UK (13.0% at 6-7 years and 15.8% at 13-14 years), Japan (16.9% at 6-7 years and 10.5% at 13-14 years) and Australia (6-7 years and 10.5% at 13-14 years). (10.9%, 13-14 years: 9.7%) and New Zealand (6-7 years: 14.7%, 13-14 years: 12.7%).
An ISAAC epidemiological survey (phase III) was also conducted between 2001 and 2003 (Japan did not participate), and among countries with high prevalence in phase I at age 13-14 years, some countries showed a decrease in prevalence in phase III (e.g. UK: 15.8% to 10.6%, New Zealand: 12.7% to 8.8%).

(2) Epidemiological surveys in Japan

1) Prevalence in childhood to adolescence
Atopic dermatitis generally develops in infancy and childhood, and the number of patients declines with age, with some patients transitioning to adult-onset atopic dermatitis. 14 papers in the literature on prevalence studies of atopic dermatitis based on dermatologists' physical examinations in Japan over a 10-year period from 1992 to 2002. Analysis of age-specific prevalence rates showed that they varied from 6-32% for infants, 5-27% for toddlers, 5-15% for schoolchildren and 5-9% for university students, but overall there was a tendency for prevalence rates to decrease with age. A nationwide survey on the prevalence of atopic dermatitis was conducted based on physician diagnoses at primary schools health check-ups. Health examinations were conducted by specialist physicians at base facilities in the Hokkaido, Tohoku, Kanto, Chubu, Kinki, Chugoku, Shikoku and Kyushu regions. Age-specific prevalence rates are shown in Figure 3A. The national average prevalence rates of symptomatology by health check-up were 12.8% (351/2,744) in 4-month-old children, 9.8% (631/6,424) in 1-year and 6-month-old children, 13.2% (906/6,868) in 3-year-old children, 11.8% (1,479/12,489) in first-grade children, 10.6% (1,185/11,230) in sixth-grade children and 10.6% (1,185/11,230) in university students. 8.2% (684/8,317). Although prevalence rates by district have traditionally been higher in urban areas and lower in suburban areas, this study found no significant differences in prevalence rates among schoolchildren between urban and suburban areas, and no differences between boys and girls.

First BJ at Poison in a Pot 3, 40 minutes ago.

1. Introduction
Atopic dermatitis is a condition frequently encountered in daily practice. In Japan, there have been two guidelines for the treatment of atopic dermatitis: the Japanese Dermatological Association Guidelines for the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis, which were developed for doctors specialising in dermatology who treat patients with atopic dermatitis from the primary care stage to the stage where a high level of specialisation is required; and the Japanese Society of Allergology Guidelines for the Treatment of Allergic Diseases, which are intended for doctors who treat patients with allergic diseases other than dermatological diseases. In 2018, these two guidelines were integrated into a single guideline for all doctors and healthcare professionals involved in the treatment of patients with atopic dermatitis. Guidelines have been developed. This revised edition of the Atopic Dermatitis Clinical Practice Guideline has been developed by adding new findings on atopic dermatitis* published in Japan and abroad. The descriptions of medical practices in this guideline provide a guide to medical treatment of atopic dermatitis in Japan at the present time* from the perspective of evidence-based medicine (EBM), including guidelines and goals of treatment, and can be used for decision-making in the field of medical practice. The following table shows the most common types of information on the use of the system. The final decision in clinical practice must be made by the attending physician in collaboration with the patient, fully reflecting the patient's values and wishes for treatment. *In principle, until the end of December 2020.

1) Department of Cutaneous and Mucosal Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School (Chairperson).
2) National Centre for Allergy, National Centre for Child Health and Development (Vice-Chair)
3) University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Medical Information Management (Vice-Chair).
4) North Kanto Allergy Research Institute affiliated with the House of Hope
5) Department of Cutaneous and Mucosal Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
6) Department of Paediatrics, The Third Hospital of The Jikei University Hospital
7) Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
8) Hiroshima University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Dermatology
9) Department of Dermatology, Saitama Medical University
10) Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University
11) National Hospital Organisation Mie Hospital, Clinical Research Department, Allergic Disease Therapy Development
Laboratory.
12) Department of Paediatrics, Kyorin University School of Medicine
13) Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Hiroshima University
14) Allergy Centre, National Hospital Organisation Mie Hospital
15) Department of Paediatrics, National Hospital Organisation Nagoya Medical Centre
16) Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
17) Department of Paediatrics, Saitama Medical Centre, Dokkyo Medical University
18) Department of Dermatopathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
19) National Centre for Allergy, National Centre for Child Health and Development

I'm aware that it is my vice to immediately try to trace back to nostalgia.

I think this is the first time two in a row as far as I can remember. Does it hasten the dying process as the group name suggests?

Plus Ultra

The grid system is a widely used system in design activities. Josef Müller-Brockmann, a designer and educator at the Zurich University of the Arts and the Ulm School of Design, states that designing with a grid system means following universally valid laws and that below.

What is meant by the use of the grid system is the will to systematise and clarify, the will to find and consolidate the essence, the will to foster objectivity instead of subjectivity, the will to rationalise the creative and technical production process, the will to integrate the colour, form and material, the will to integrate the various elements, the will to architectural control of surfaces and spaces, the will to adopt a positive and forward-looking attitude, the recognition of the importance of education and the impact of work conceived in a constructive and creative spirit.

I can't help but think that handjob is underutilized. Even though its drawing difficulty makes it a means by which sexual content via video and text media can have an advantage over the two-dimensional media represented by manga, doujinshi, and illustrations.

Conscience is itself an ambiguous sum of information, such as a normative consciousness, and a mind that does good deeds and avoids evil deeds. There are two theories concerning human beings: one is the theory of sexual goodness, in which people are born with a conscience that favors good and dislikes evil, and the other is the theory of sexual evil, in which people are born without a conscience and must be educated to develop and nurture it. In any case, we are expected to act in accordance with our conscience.

In particular, the function of conscience is a personal one, and following it increases one's sense of self-affirmation, while violating it leads to self-negativity. In many cases, people also rely on their self-esteem and do not like to violate their conscience. Conscience is usually unconscious.

The function of the mind is to benefit the society to which one belongs, but the degree to which it works varies from person to person. Just as justice and morality vary according to the values of the society, the destination of conscience also varies somewhat according to other factors such as culture.

Sometimes conscience is aroused by the inspiration of others, and sometimes it is aroused by the mental shock of the situation at hand. On the other hand, there are cases in which people dare to act against their conscience (emergency evacuation) due to unavoidable circumstances.

Conscience itself is not a clear-cut value concept, and it is difficult to codify it into an article like a creed. Sigmund Freud considered conscience to be a cultural effect of unconscious repressive structures. Bert Hellinger describes the conscience as a sensory organ that perceives the right or wrong of belonging to a group.

Some stories deal with the conscience as a subject matter. For example, there are "Les Miserables" and "A Christmas Carol" in which a selfish person (putting his own interests first and not caring about others) awakens to his conscience through some experience, while there are stories like "Rashomon" in which a person abandons his conscience and turns to crime in order to survive.

Conscience, as stipulated in Article 76, Paragraph 3 of the Constitution of Japan, is defined by the Japanese Supreme Court in its decision of November 17, 1948 as "the meaning of following one's own inner sense of decency and morality without yielding to external pressures or temptations, tangible or intangible.

The derivation of concrete forms from abstract formulae and principles is called deduction, and the idea of generation we have just seen is a typical deductive explanation, and is also very deductive in the second point I will discuss below. The second point is the idea of the relationship between "universal grammar" and real languages. If we know the kinds of rules that make up the grammar of many languages of the world and how they are applied, then by comparing and contrasting them we can find universal principles common to the languages of the world. The aggregation of the elements and principles common to the grammars of the languages should be called a "universal grammar". One of the major assumptions of generative grammar is that humans have an "innate capacity for language". Infants with linguistic competence have a universal grammar. The universal grammar is not yet in the form of any language, but is acquired as a specific language when exposed to a particular language at a certain point in the developmental process.

In linguistics, a school of thought emerged in the late 1950s, a little later than structuralism, which held a deductive principle with an extremely high degree of abstraction, as if "structure" were even more fundamental and dynamic. This is the 'Generative Grammar' proposed by Noam Chomsky (1928-). In addition to its strong formalism and unique concepts and terminology, it undergoes major changes every ten years or so, so that it is not easy to grasp the whole picture or to give a simple explanation. Therefore, here I will only highlight two points in particular that contrast with the new linguistics as a way of thinking and try to explain them in ordinary language.

The first is about generation, which is also the name of the school. We can produce any number of grammatically correct sentences, even if none of them have ever been uttered before. This means that our brains must contain a (probably not very large) set of rules that can 'generate' an infinite number of correct sentences. Generative grammar considers such a set of rules to be a 'grammar' and attempts to elucidate its types and how sentences are generated.

The basic idea of sentence construction was that there is an abstract sentence structure and that the rules for transforming and concretising it lead to the final sentence. This way of thinking can explain, for example, the existence of sentence pairs such as active and passive sentences, which are clearly closely related but have distinctly different apparent sentence structures. Let me illustrate this with an example. The following three expressions could be explained individually in previous grammars, but it was difficult to explain the continuity between the three.

(1)
a. Active sentence
The troop attacked the town.

b. Passive sentence
The town was attacked by the troop.

c. Noun phrase
The attack of the town by the troop.

The resulting sentence is: a is an active sentence in which the verb attack is used in the past tense with the attacking troop as the subject, b is a passive sentence in which the town is the subject of the attack and the verb is in the passive form be attacked, c is a sentence equivalent by nominalising the predicate in a or b, and The explanation for each of these three types of sentences is also different.

However, it is clear that the three have a great deal in common, both as a whole and in terms of the semantic relationship between their parts, as can be seen from their meanings. For example, even when taught in Japanese schools, the passive voice of b is explained as follows: replace the two nouns in a and change the verb form to be + past participle... The passive voice of b is often explained in this way. In fact, this is the process of transformation that early generative grammars largely adopted. Abc above was seen as three different forms derived from an abstract sentence structure (deep structure) with the same underlying meaning. In this case, the active sentence in a is almost the same as the deep structure, and the passive sentence in b is obtained by applying the 'passivisation' transformation rule to the deep structure and the verb phrase attack... The active sentence in a is almost the same as the deep structure, while the passive sentence in b is obtained by applying the 'passivisation' rule to the deep structure. The application of the passivisation rule is shown diagrammatically below.

(1)b Process of generating passive sentences
Deep structure:　 　　　　the troop　　　 attacked　　　　　　　 the town
　　　　　　　 　　　　1 2 　　 3
Passivising transformation: 　3 　　be [past] +2 [past participle] 　 by +1
　　　　the town 　　　was attacked 　　　　　by the troop

The idea that sentences are generated rather than initially existing, and the idea of transformation in this process, can provide a reasonable explanation for the way in which they are closely related to each other despite the differences in their finished forms.

In geometry, the rhombicosidodecahedron is an Archimedean solid, one of thirteen convex isogonal nonprismatic solids constructed of two or more types of regular polygon faces.
It has 20 regular triangular faces, 30 square faces, 12 regular pentagonal faces, 60 vertices, and 120 edges.

Names
Johannes Kepler in Harmonices Mundi (1618) named this polyhedron a rhombicosidodecahedron, being short for truncated icosidodecahedral rhombus, with icosidodecahedral rhombus being his name for a rhombic triacontahedron. There are different truncations of a rhombic triacontahedron into a topological rhombicosidodecahedron: Prominently its rectification (left), the one that creates the uniform solid (center), and the rectification of the dual icosidodecahedron (right), which is the core of the dual compound.
It can also be called an expanded or cantellated dodecahedron or icosahedron, from truncation operations on either uniform polyhedron.

Geometric relations
If you expand an icosahedron by moving the faces away from the origin the right amount, without changing the orientation or size of the faces, and do the same to its dual dodecahedron, and patch the square holes in the result, you get a rhombicosidodecahedron. Therefore, it has the same number of triangles as an icosahedron and the same number of pentagons as a dodecahedron, with a square for each edge of either.
Alternatively, if you expand each of five cubes by moving the faces away from the origin the right amount and rotating each of the five 72° around so they are equidistant from each other, without changing the orientation or size of the faces, and patch the pentagonal and triangular holes in the result, you get a rhombicosidodecahedron. Therefore, it has the same number of squares as five cubes.
Two clusters of faces of the bilunabirotunda, the lunes (each lune featuring two triangles adjacent to opposite sides of one square), can be aligned with a congruent patch of faces on the rhombicosidodecahedron. If two bilunabirotundae are aligned this way on opposite sides of the rhombicosidodecahedron, then a cube can be put between the bilunabirotundae at the very center of the rhombicosidodecahedron.
The rhombicosidodecahedron shares the vertex arrangement with the small stellated truncated dodecahedron, and with the uniform compounds of six or twelve pentagrammic prisms.
The Zometool kits for making geodesic domes and other polyhedra use slotted balls as connectors. The balls are "expanded" rhombicosidodecahedra, with the squares replaced by rectangles. The expansion is chosen so that the resulting rectangles are golden rectangles.
Twelve of the 92 Johnson solids are derived from the rhombicosidodecahedron, four of them by rotation of one or more pentagonal cupolae: the gyrate, parabigyrate, metabigyrate, and trigyrate rhombicosidodecahedron. Eight more can be constructed by removing up to three cupolae, sometimes also rotating one or more of the other cupolae.

Orthogonal projections
The rhombicosidodecahedron has six special orthogonal projections, centered, on a vertex, on two types of edges, and three types of faces: triangles, squares, and pentagons. The last two correspond to the A2 and H2 Coxeter planes.

Spherical tiling
The rhombicosidodecahedron can also be represented as a spherical tiling, and projected onto the plane via a stereographic projection. This projection is conformal, preserving angles but not areas or lengths. Straight lines on the sphere are projected as circular arcs on the plane.

Symmetry mutations
This polyhedron is topologically related as a part of a sequence of cantellated polyhedra with vertex figure (3.4.n.4), which continues as tilings of the hyperbolic plane. These vertex-transitive figures have (*n32) reflectional symmetry.

Mon père disait que le plus délicieux de tous les aliments était la pêche. Le steak semble aussi être son préféré. La croyance qu'une préparation méticuleuse fera naître nos désirs n'est ni bonne ni mauvaise en soi. Les organes génitaux féminins bipolaires et décentralisés : le sein et la vulve sont littéralement des symboles du corps féminin et sont essentiels à l'histoire de l'industrie du sexe. Pourquoi le récit négatif est-il si répandu dans la société moderne ? Nous devons vivre en tant que personnes nées dans un pays de perdants et il est important et bénéfique pour nous individuellement et pour ce pays d'en prendre conscience. Underachiever ou Procrastinator - quel est mon véritable alias ? Je veux être une sorte d'agent de circulation pour notre société en tant que collectif intellectuel. Il n'y a rien de naturel ou de fondé sur des principes à ressentir un sentiment d'appartenance à un système politique tel que l'État. Neutralité. Justificateur. Mon frère vient de me dire "Tu as l'air d'un être humain même si ça ne m'est jamais arrivé quand on était chez nos parents". C'est bizarre, n'est-ce pas ? Si je me souviens bien, je me suis longtemps sentie coupable d'être financièrement et émotionnellement dépendante de mes parents. Même si je somnolais dans un sentiment de sécurité superficiel sans y faire face. Je me suis donc récemment dit qu'il était logique de voir cette tournure des événements sous un angle positif.

C'est difficile de rester nerveux pendant près de 22 ans.

Apple has a patent for 3d facial recognition, which uses a laser to measure the three-dimensional shape of the face. The Google is so picky about security that they went to the trouble of loading titan2 with internal memory encryption, so they don't do face recognition, which could theoretically be broken through with a photograph. The 6pro and 7 class have a particularly high in-camera performance, so there is a possibility that they may be able to support it. I'm wearing a smartwatch and have set up a smart lock, so it doesn't matter to us, but the Pixel watch doesn't look very promising. Incidentally, the wifi is 6e, which is a further extension of 6, and in addition to 2.4ghz and 5ghz, three 6ghz bands can be used, but Japan has no partner to connect to because the 6ghz band has not been approved yet. There are sometimes wifi cards for desktops. The speed is the same, but 5ghz has fewer channels, so if you have a mesh wifi system in a house or something, you need more channels. It will be useful in the distant future.

Are people who say they are smart never smarter than those who say they are?

Sakura Miura was a decent role player as her initials suggest. Maybe too decent.

What did Emperor Nigiyumu do during the Kamakura period?

As far as I know, he spread Buddhism throughout Japan and taught the three treasures of Buddha, wisdom, and salvation, but please tell me what else he did.

His achievements are too numerous to list.

Chong Fu Hua Lei....spreading the cuisine of the court.
The development of materials that could be used in times of emergency.
Undelayed proposal...Stockpiling undigested food to prepare for famine.
Gaba Anada Mud...Policy to claim fields cultivated by oneself as one's own mono dick when one claims the fields cultivated by oneself at a high volume.
Kubota Ito...A policy to make the management of fields easier to understand by using threads to inspect the fields.
He invited a Goguryeo monk named Park Su, and though he was defeated by force, he assaulted and imprisoned him, and then banished him.
The worship of Shimokitazawa's native god, Goizu Todoroto.
Kusubiki☆...He used the Yin-Yang method using a pentagram called "Zeeman" to subjugate demons from all over the country.
Miho Kanno ... wife of Masato Sakai
He wielded a sacred weapon called the "Mago," a ninja whip, and created a school called the Shogun's Whip.
He severely punished local castle lords who imposed oppressive rule.
The Portuguese missionary Onassas Sensenchal was invited to Japan to assert his authority both at home and abroad by making the Portuguese missionary turn three times and bark like a dog in imitation of the three-fold salute.
The Yeonginbo Alliance...The two sides engaged in warfare against a foreign enemy led by Fart Rinton, but found common values and formed an alliance, and held a ceremony on the cape of Yeonginbo.
The Beastly World Sanzenin...The last residence of Emperor Nyumu after his abdication, it was built in the hope of creating a peaceful world filled with not only people, but also filth. The property has a rooftop and basement, and is close to the station.

What pasta sauce to use, what ingredients to choose? It is useless to think about such things. There are not many pasta sauces that can beat this pasta. What are you saying? No, no, no, I have never eaten pasta that insists on being so chewy. Even if you boil it slightly longer, you get an interesting reversed state: slippery and hard on the surface and soft in the center. One can imagine that di Vella has even the smallest surface area of all the Teflon-diced slippery pastas. So it's a pasta that doesn't melt on the surface. You can enjoy the chewiness of butzum-butzum. For example, the texture of well-made somen noodles is unique, isn't it, with a crunchy texture? There is no way to describe it, but I think you can feel the unique chewiness. There was a scene in "Gran Blue" where everyone was eating pasta dressed only with butter, saying it was the best pasta they had ever had. I thought that this pasta might have been the most popular pasta in southern Italy. Just like Kagawa's delicious soy sauce udon noodles, the noodles are so good that they are delicious with just butter. Since I was a student, I have eaten various kinds of pasta as if it were my staple food. I also like handmade pasta. However, I have never had a pasta dish that overturns my common sense as much as di Vella does. I am looking forward to seeing how the flavors will fight against this strong personality.

Spring key holder, strainer (if available), frozen chicken nuggets (Kangsoo is cheap, Brazilian if available): bought from China, Blue Cave creamy Bolognese, liquid detergent (Soap Department?). Deodorising charcoal for freezer, all-purpose green onion, office chair, desk for ama, 6-70 litre rubbish bags, drainer net, pork offcuts, baby leaves, cheese powder, toothpicks, SOYJOY, chicken soup stock, ice cream, mask, black pepper refill, band-aids, UNIQLO steeteco navy, Red ginger, tonkatsu sauce, yakisoba noodles, seafood mix, mosquito repellent, dried fruit, frozen cheese waffles, large sesame oil, 70L rubbish bag (translucent), 30L bin (not 30L), milk, migras, ice cream, baby leaves, frozen Imagawa-yaki (bean paste and custard), dishwashing detergent refill Refill, soy sauce, clear files (5~), hangers, five-finger socks, vinegar, parmesan cheese, frozen Imagawa-yaki custard, eggs, blue cave, all-purpose spring onions, minced meat, Uzumaki soft, relaxed fit V-neck T-shirt (Uniqlo), milk, hawk claws, basil, black pepper refill, oregano, Toothbrush, unboxed tissues, scrubbing bubble refill, cotton swabs, cushions, paper cups, dish stand, book stand/ends, red and white wine (Chilean), salt malt, Ziploc L, non-smelly rubber gloves, Aquarius, water, more thick spaghetti, wafer sandwich (Sentan), Rice snacks (beef/chicken minced meat, beef tongue, etc.), headphone hanger/holder, seasoned seaweed, bamboo shoots, frozen pasta, yoghurt, fruit milk, pork belly block, chives, MOW green tea, other ice cream, pizza cheese, milk, soap rest/holder, ponzu vinegar, measuring cup, measuring spoons, Ziploc 60 litre rubbish bags, pepper powder, Chinese noodles (fresh), sesame paste (white), hojicha or other tea bags, bean curd stock, more minced pork, chicken (if good), cooking sake, ham, white onions, bread, Fulgra, Listerine purple alcohol, rubber gloves, chopstick stand, bacon, soy bean sauce tube (and sugar beet if available), rice wine (if available), rice wine (if available), rice wine (if not available), rice wine (if available), rice wine (if available), rice wine (if not available), rice wine (if available). rice, canned mackerel and tuna, tenkasu, small spring onions, milk, yakiniku sauce, Chinese noodles, minced pork, sweets, milk candy (café latte) golden milk, mustard, onions, Neukan TWS earphones, pork belly, spring onions, chicken soup stock, garlic tube, tofu, additional frozen udon noodles, soup-free flat noodles Noodle stock, grater, kitchen timer, files, file box, wooden spatula, chuno/tonkatsu sauce, ketchup, army gloves for ama, dumpling sauce, dish towel (large), fruit milk, vanilla ice cream, relatively cheap butter, S hook, salmon flake eggs, seven spices, tweezers, salad oil, Chinese chili oil, scissors, candy balls, kitchen power strip (with magnets), box of tissues, cardboard cutter, cold pumpkin/corn soup (Sujata, etc.): buy at kyosu, pork belly, tofu, frozen udon noodles, bread, cinnamon powder, aquarius, towel holder/storage, bath lid, rack next to hob, Washroom curtains, boxed tissues, pocket tissues, mattress pads, pasta cases, balcony sandals, wooden deep plates, shoehorns, laundry basket, rubber gloves for washing dishes, non-slip tape, double-sided tape, toilet paper

Me nor hot dog caught bay ought the rail in a hoe canal.

In Japan, there is a phrase that “The boughs that bear most hang lowest”. Japanese people bow their head when they greet each other or show a respect to others. This phrase means that a human being becomes modest as study and virtue deepen so that as a fruit becomes ripe, a fruit hangs down.

Do you think you are God, otherwise equivalent to it?

This video is scientifically proven to boost the speed of weight loss by regularly interspersing cheat days!

What you feel is only a more vague representation of what you remember.

What is the nature of what connects and separates us from ourselves and others? How do we draw the lines and continue to form and renew our interests? Do ephemeral interests exist as factors constituting a larger organic continuum within the circular logic?

In the tradition of the history of Western political thought, there is a firm presence of an idea known as realism. The most representative thinker in this tradition is the Renaissance Italian humanist Machiavelli. In his Treatise of the Monarchs (1532), he declared that he would provide a factual and actually useful theory of governance, while expressing his dissatisfaction that many people had so far only discussed imaginary states that could not actually be perceived. He preached what was later called Machiavellianism, the doctrine that it is sometimes necessary to commit ethical evils (e.g. lying) in politics. He was not advocating vice per se. He was conscious of the distinction between virtue and vice, and even considered it beneficial for rulers to pursue the former while avoiding the latter if possible. However, Machiavelli pointed out that time and place sometimes create the necessity to choose evil means. He argued that the ruler has the duty to be aware of this fact, to face it, and to respond boldly to the situation. In the mid-20th century, there was an interpretation of Machiavelli's doctrine as a forerunner of scientific political science, which distinguished between facts and values and sought to explain politics based on facts without value judgments. Indeed, the so-called 'scientific' attitude of the search for rational means to an end is present, especially in The Monarchy, which was written as practical advice to the Medici family. However, Machiavelli had an ethical claim to show what a ruler should be, and it is this claim that lies at the heart of Machiavelli's thought. In fact, Machiavelli's main work is the Discorsi (1531), a work that argues for the importance of republican thought, especially civil liberties in a republic, and explores ways of maintaining such liberties. To begin with, the very idea that a scientific explanation is possible by excluding the element of ethics from the exploration of politics is based on a rather naive view of science. The philosophy of science question of whether scientific cognition is possible in a value-neutral way is left out of the picture here. If an important role (i.e. purpose) of scientific and social scientific knowledge is to improve predictability by accurately understanding events, then the understanding of society (and its constituent human beings), which is the object of social sciences such as political science, is extremely inadequate if it is done without values such as ethics. Therefore, it is necessary to study values scientifically and introduce them into political science. The question then arises, however, as to what scientific method should be used to explore values, especially ethical values. There are two main positions. The first is the positivist position, which basically states that values can be studied in the same way as in the natural sciences. The second is the interpretivist position, which argues that humanistic methods, which are distinct from the methods of natural science, are indispensable. The former tries to capture value as some kind of fact, whereas the latter explores the meaning of value. This conflict between positivism and interpretivism can be traced to the distinction between natural and spiritual sciences in 19th century Germany and to the historiographical debates of the 19th and 20th centuries (i.e. the debate over whether historiography should be conducted using natural scientific methods). The interpretivist position is often introduced as a method of understanding sociology. This is the position that human ethical behaviour requires a disciplinary method that reveals an understanding of the meaning of human action, rather than a natural scientific explanation of that action. Such methods are said to lead to an understanding of the seeming irrationality of human behaviour, especially at the collective level.

For example, for religious or nationalistic reasons, human action may lack (economic) rationality, but in order to deal with these situations properly, it is necessary to understand how they make sense of their own actions in a way that gives access to the inner lives of the people concerned. This is an inevitable and necessary activity. Such an endeavour is inevitably complex, because such 'meanings' are not always easy to make. This is because such 'signification' is always made in a specific historical and cultural context, so contextualisation is essential. In addition, these 'signifiers' themselves have to be interpreted by the researcher, so that the hermeneutic method aims at a double interpretation - an interpretation of an interpretation. Therefore, a science of interpretation that cannot be reduced to positivism is needed, and its resources are to be found primarily in the so-called humanistic traditions, such as historiography. Let us return to Machiavelli. It is already clear that his realism was not mere positivism. In his Monarchism, he does not make the realisation of the personal interests of the monarch the ultimate goal of his argument, but rather the defence of the independence of the fatherland, i.e. freedom. This was a patriotic argument. In order to understand Machiavelli's realism more precisely, then, it is necessary to consider the question of how these ethical claims can be reconciled with the doctrine of the toleration (and sometimes the exaltation) of vice. Here we understand this question as the problem of ethics in realist thought, which we shall explore below. Machiavelli's argument was not a total rejection of ethics in politics. What he emphasised was that if a ruler such as a monarch persists in upholding the faith of another state, even potentially hostile in international politics, or of subjects with whom he has not established sufficient trust in domestic politics, this will lead not only to the ruin of the ruler himself but also to the ruin of the state he protects. The reason for this was that the ruler was a man of faith, and that the state he was defending would be ruined. This is a critique of a certain political attitude based on rational expectations. The object of this criticism can be called utopianism. The 20th century British historian E. H. Carr opposed realism and utopianism in 20 Years of Crisis (1939). According to Carr, in the early stages of any discipline, there is a tendency to concentrate on the search for an object-oriented, or goal to be achieved, and to neglect the analysis of the means to realise that goal. This stage is called 'utopian', where the ideas presented are 'simple and perfect, and therefore easily and universally appealing'. Such utopianism has to accept the impact of realism, which denounces it as inevitably unrealistic because it lacks an analysis of the means to realisability. Realism in this sense, he explained, "tends to be critical and somewhat cynical". Carr also described the relationship between ethics and politics as follows: "The utopianist is not a political realist, he is a political realist. Utopians hold up an ethical standard that would be independent of politics and accept no value as a criterion other than the value of facts. In Carr's usage, therefore, realism is closer to the positivist position we have criticised. Carr's position was that utopianism and realism, as two wheels of political research, should constitute a dialectical relationship. If political realism is not merely a demand for neutrality towards ethical values, what we need to explore is the meaning of realism as an understanding of and an overcoming of the political flaws in utopianism. The contemporary philosopher C. A. J. Coady has argued that the object of criticism of political realism is not morality (i.e. ethical doctrine itself), but a certain attitude towards the ethical, which he calls moralism.

In other words, he makes the case that ethical values influence political perceptions and judgements, but identifies when this influence is detrimental to politics. Coady believes that in the 21st century, especially in the context of international politics (studies), reasons have arisen to take these negative effects into account. First, the value of human rights has become (often excessively) respected. Second, there has been a restoration of moral thinking in the consideration of international politics, especially among scholars. Third, among political actors, the influence of fundamentalist beliefs, including religious ones, is increasing. These tendencies themselves do not necessarily impede the exploration of politics. However, Coady calls it moralism, a trend so bad that it necessitates a return to realism. Coady enumerates various ways in which the understanding of politics can be impeded by the intervention of ethical values and perceptions, which can be divided into three categories. The first is the moralism of unbalanced focus. In other words, in realpolitik there are multiple values at work, often in conflict with each other. To ascribe only certain values in such situations distorts our understanding of reality. This tendency is likely to occur when absolute ethical values are introduced into politics. The second is the moralism of imposition. This suggests the danger in an attitude of imposing on others what one considers to be valid ethical values. Here Coady is not endorsing cultural relativism. What he is concerned with is the tendency for the more convinced one is of the validity and universality of ethical values, the greater the temptation to use coercion and violence to realise them. Third is the moralism of abstraction. Perceptions based on ethical insights often give rise to overly abstract models and an oversimplified understanding of political reality, which is in fact a complex interplay of good and evil. There is a general tendency towards universalisation and rationalisation in academic ethical inquiry, which may lead to a neglect of the specificity of phenomena and of non-rational elements such as the passions. And in the abstraction of ethical ideals, there is also the danger of ignoring their feasibility. Again, Coady is not rejecting the introduction of ethical insights per se. Even when feasibility is taken into account, it is not absolutely binding on political perceptions and judgements. Slavery, for example, was a widely endorsed practice in certain countries at certain times, and ethical opposition to it was certain to be impotent. Nevertheless, the fact that there were people who firmly believed that slavery was ethically unjust sometimes contributed to its abolition. This was also true with regard to the eradication of apartheid policies in 20th century South Africa. What is at issue in the critique of moralism is a way of thinking ethically that hinders the understanding of political reality.

Political realism can be said to confront the possibility of a conflict between the demands of politics and the demands of ethics. The subject of "dirty hands" is often discussed in ethics and political science as a way of addressing this issue. A classic on this topic is the American political theorist Walzer's article "Political Action and the Problem of 'Dirty Hands'" (1973). This is a paper dealing with a moral dilemma, a situation in which there are only two choices of action, and whichever one is chosen will be evil for the chooser. Walzer argues that this problem is real and sometimes unavoidable, but he uses the concept of "dirty hands" as a case study that takes this dilemma seriously. This concept derives from a play written by Sartre, entitled "Dirty Hands," and the following passage is often cited when discussing this topic

I, this I, have dirty hands. Even my elbows are dirty. I have put my hands in feces and blood. What's wrong with that? So, you think you can run a clean and honest government?

Let me explain the context of this quote. The play is set in Illyri, a fictional nation in Eastern Europe circa 1948, at the residence of Edrel, a powerful member of a workers' party that espouses communist ideology. The above lines were spoken by Edrel to his own secretary, Hugo. Hugo, an intellectual born into a wealthy bourgeois family, was inspired by communist ideas and joined the workers' party. At the time, Edrel was in clandestine contact with the leaders of the rival fascist and conservative parties, and was planning to make a political compromise that would put his party in power in Illyri. This was in anticipation of the impending Soviet invasion, which he calculated was the best preparation for a minority party, the Labor Party, to smooth the way for the Soviet occupation of his country. Hugo was sent as an assassin by radical elements within the party, who were highly dissatisfied with Edler's plan. The young Hugo, however, hesitated to assassinate Edler, and instead denounced him verbally. To Hugo, who criticizes political compromise as corruption, Edler says, "But why are you so obsessed with purity again? Then stay pure. But who does that serve? He replied, "You intellectuals and bourgeois anarchists do nothing under the pretext of purity," while uttering the aforementioned line. In other words, the "dirty hands" metaphor here symbolizes the insistence that means contrary to ethics and principles should be allowed in order to penetrate the deception of ethical purity and to emphasize political effectiveness. To better understand this metaphor, let us analyze the characters a bit more. In contrast to Hugo, who is a pure young man, Edorel is portrayed as an "adult" who says, "I have grown up straight from childhood. This is not a question of age. The difference in class between the bourgeois and the worker is also reflected, but what is characterized here is realism as mature thought contrasted with pure idealism. Politics is a science," Edrel even says of nationalism that glorifies only the independence of one's own country, admitting that this is what attracts the majority of the population, but declaring that it is utterly powerless in the face of the looming military might of the Soviet Union. What he keeps in mind is the timing and the amount of sacrifice that can be expected. If the Illyrians insist on independence and clash with the Soviets, there will be an enormous number of deaths. However, if Edler joined forces with liberals and regal conservatives to create a united front, it would be easier to accept troops and fewer casualties would be required. When Hugo pointed out Hugo's betrayal of his many friends killed by the Regent's police who now want to join forces, Edourel dared to say, "I don't care about dead people. I am a politician for the living and by the living.

When Hugo asked, "Then do you think the living will accept your plot? Hoederer said he was willing to deceive them. Here the dialogue between the idealist Hugo and the realist Hoederer enters Machiavelli's problematic sphere of lies in politics. Hugo, noting that the world in which he used to live, the world of those around his father, a powerful figure in the conservative government, was full of lies and that everyone deceived him, confesses that it was only when he joined the workers' party that he found people who did not deceive others. Naturally, Hoederer chides Hugo by pointing out that lies exist there, too. He then said, "I will lie if I have to.

I will lie when necessary. But I do not despise anyone. Lies are not of my own making, but are born in a class-divided society. Therefore, we inherit lies from birth. Refusing to deceive does not make the lie go away. It can only be eradicated by using all possible means to extinguish class.

This line of Hoederer's is realist in that it states the necessity of the lie, but it deviates from realism in that it offers a method for its eradication and sets it as a goal. It is natural for a character like E1, who claims to be a believer in communism, to express these thoughts, but this kind of absolute objectivist thinking is something that contemporary realism rejects, or at least is wary of. However, as we have already seen, cold calculation is not the only thing that realists approve of. A sense of direction in history is necessary for almost all politics, and what realism is concerned with is whether such a sense distorts the real issues. And in Hoederer's thinking, there is an element of what might be called an ethics embedded in realism. Hugo, who adheres to the principles of revolution, refuses to compromise and insists that if his army, composed of conservatives and fascists, clashes with the Soviet army, the latter's victory will lead to the realization of a true political system. What Hoederer points out about this idea is its cruelty. Hundreds of thousands of people will die. What do you think about that?" Hoederer's idea, which he criticizes in this way, has elements of the moralist critique of abstraction and the moralist critique of imposition. In other words, the pursuit of an ethic of purity may call for cruel means and justify its disastrous results. Hoederer's dialogue in opposition to this has an element of what could be called humanism.

I love people as they are. I love mankind with all its corruptions, its vices, and its vices. I love the human voice, the warm hand that holds a thing, the nakedest of all skins, the anxious gaze, the desperate struggle that each person attempts in turn against death and suffering, I love them all. For me, it is a question of one more or one less human being in the world. It is precious. I know who you are. You are a destroyer. You hate people because you hate yourself. Your purity is like death. Your vision of revolution is different from ours. You are not trying to change the world, you are trying to blow it up.

This statement may be realist rhetoric, a ploy to fool the pure assassins. However, it can also be said that the love expressed for the fool here is typical of the realist view of mankind, which can be traced back to Augustine. Hoederer's portrayal of Hugo can be understood as an example of realist criticism of utopianism. The point that Hugo hated people was something that Hugo himself admitted. In response to Hoederer's suggestion that realists fear the death of others and that hit men lack imagination, Hugo said, "I am an afterthought. Hugo responded to Edouard's argument that realists fear the death of others and that hit men lack imagination: "I am an extra. I have no place in this world, and my existence is a nuisance to others. No one loves me. No one trusts me. This sense of alienation, which is clearly based on Hugo's subjective view, represents a typical pattern of belief in utopian thought.

Various aspects of business activity and technological development are related to intellectual property. In business, there are brand strategies. In industry, there is content creation, patents and designs, which are also related to trade secrets. Intellectual property is protected by intellectual property law as works, inventions and trade secrets. However, IP law is not a single law, but is systematised in the Copyright Act, Industrial Property Act, Unfair Competition Prevention Act, etc.
　Intellectual property is protected under each of the individual IP laws, but is also defined in the Basic Act on Intellectual Property. The Basic Act on Intellectual Property defines the basic principles and matters fundamental to the realisation of the creation, protection and exploitation of intellectual property. To this end, the Act clarifies the responsibilities of the national government, local governments, universities, etc. and business operators, and encourages intellectual creation activities. The Basic Act on Intellectual Property also stipulates the preparation of a "Promotion Plan on the Creation, Protection and Exploitation of Intellectual Property" (Intellectual Property Promotion Plan) and establishes the Intellectual Property Strategic Headquarters.
　The IPR Promotion Plan 2019 evolves from the existing IP strategy of an intellectual creation cycle to the realisation of a value-design society as an IP strategy for the period around 2030. The realisation of a value-design society is oriented towards creating an environment in which it is easy to realise value through empathy, by strengthening individual actors based on the concept of "de-average", encouraging challenges, accelerating new combinations through the "fusion" of dispersed diverse personalities, and increasing national wealth and economic value through appropriate rights protection, encouraging creative activities, raising profits, and creating a new society in which value is easily realised through "empathy". The aim is to create an environment in which it is easy to realise value through 'empathy'.
　In corporate activities and technological development, the management of IPRs is promoted through an open and closed strategy, which balances the protection and restriction of IPRs. The open and closed strategy refers to the importance of making strategic choices to increase the company's profits by adopting an open model IP strategy, in which technologies are disclosed or licensed to other companies, in addition to a closed model IP strategy, in which technologies are kept secret or exclusive exclusive rights such as patent rights are enforced. In corporate activities and technological development, it has become necessary to promote comprehensive IP protection and utilisation strategies, including open and closed strategies and trade secret management. In order for intellectual assets to be created, protected and utilised in a rational manner, ethics must be cultivated. Business activities and technological development require free thinking, which is related to restrictions on intellectual property rights, and ethics is required in this context. This relationship can be found in the Code of Ethics. In addition, in the management of IPR in corporate activities and technological development, when IPR infringement is questioned, it is necessary to deal with the issues within and outside the framework of IPR law.

2. intellectual assets
　Intellectual assets produced in business activities and technological development include works and inventions, but also software that has these characteristics. There is also content in the digital environment. In addition, there are trade secrets, which are protected by non-publication and non-disclosure, while works are protected by publication and inventions by disclosure. Furthermore, there is information that includes.

(1) Intellectual property
　The Basic Law on Intellectual Property defines intellectual property and intellectual property rights. Intellectual property means inventions, devices, new varieties of plants, designs, works and other things produced by human creative activity, trade marks, trade names and other things indicating goods or services used in business activities, and trade secrets and other technical or business information useful in business activities (Article 2(1) of the Basic Law on Intellectual Property). Other items produced by human creative activities include laws or phenomena of nature that have been discovered or clarified and have industrial applicability. Among them may be AI creations. Intellectual property rights refer to patent rights, utility model rights, breeder's rights, design rights, copyrights, trademark rights and other rights stipulated by law in relation to intellectual property or rights pertaining to legally protected interests (Article 2(2) of the same Act).
　In Japan, inventions are protected as patent rights and are regulated by the Patent Law. Devices are protected as utility model rights and are regulated by the Utility Model Law. Designs are protected as design rights and regulated by the Design Law. However, the protection mechanisms for inventions, designs and design creations differ from country to country. New varieties of plants are protected as breeder's rights and are regulated by the Plant Variety Law. Trademarks, trade names and other indications of goods or services used in business activities are protected as trademark rights and are regulated by the Trademark Law. Trade secrets and other technical or business information useful for business activities are protected by the Unfair Competition Prevention Law. It should be noted that, while works are protected as copyrights under the Basic Intellectual Property Law, works and performing records, broadcasts and wire-broadcasts are protected under the Copyright Law by author's rights and rights adjacent thereto.

(2) Content
　The Act on the Promotion of Creation, Protection and Exploitation of Contents (hereinafter referred to as the Basic Act on Contents), which is based on the principles of the Basic Act on Intellectual Property, defines contents. Content means films, music, theatre, literature, pictures, cartoons, animations, computer games and other text, figures, colours, sounds, movements or images, or a combination of these, or programmes for providing information relating to these via computers, which are produced by human creative activities. The term "program" refers to a program that is produced by human creative activity and that falls within the scope of education or entertainment (Article 2(1) of the Basic Content Law). A programme is a set of commands to a computer which are combined in such a way that a single result can be obtained.
　Content is protected by copyright law as a copyrighted work. Examples of works include novels, screenplays, theses, lectures and other verbal works, musical works dances or silent plays, paintings, prints, sculptures and other works of art, architectural works, maps or drawings of a scientific nature, charts, models and other graphic works, cinematographic works, photographic works, works of programmes works of cinematographic works, works of photography, works of programmes. The content encompasses each of the illustrative patterns of works protected by copyright law and has a structure with a clear division of roles. The content consists of two forms: one is formed by digitising a work existing in existing media, and the other is formed digitally from the beginning. However, content is subject not only to copyright but also to the management of intellectual property rights (Article 2(2)(iii) of the Basic Content Law).

(3) Information
　Information is an inanimate object. In the Civil Code, "thing" means a tangible object. A tangible object means something that occupies a part of space as a concept to an inanimate object. Under the Civil Code, electricity is interpreted as not a tangible object. On the other hand, the Criminal Code, which is required to punish electrical theft and the like, stipulates that "electricity is regarded as property". The way in which intangible objects are regarded differs depending on the law. The way in which intangible information is regarded also differs from law to law. The treatment of information (works) was discussed in the course of the legislation of the Product Liability Law, but information (works) is not considered as an object of product liability. Information is regarded as information property in relation to intellectual property, which includes works, inventions and trade secrets. Trade secrets are also related to corporate information and trade secrets. Information goods are protected and, under fair use, are said to contribute to cultural development or industrial development. However, the so-called industrial espionage clause may be applied to the creative activity of information goods, if a technological leakage or the like is recognised. Penalties apply to the downloading of information goods, even if the reproduction is for private use, if the information goods are reproduced with the knowledge that the reproduction is illegal.

3. code of ethics
　In order for intellectual property to be created, protected and utilised in a rational manner, ethics must be cultivated. Corporate activities and technological development require free thinking, which in turn requires ethics in the context of restrictions on intellectual property rights. Focusing on the Code of Ethics and matters related to intellectual property rights in the Code of Ethics, we will consider it from the perspective of corporate activities and technological development.

(1) Ethics
　Ethics and morality refer to norms and moral grounds. In the West, ethics is associated with Ethica, and in the East, it is based on the Analects of Confucius. In Japan, Watsuji ethics covers Buddhist thought, Confucian thought, Shinto thought, national studies, as well as stories and folk tales. In other words, there is diversity in the sense of ethics. Therefore, corporate ethics is defined in terms of compliance with laws and regulations, and in terms of the protection of human rights, in codes of ethics and guidelines for conduct, but it is also important to consider the persistence of socio-cultural diversity in each country.
　In research ethics, academic societies have their own codes of ethics. The IEICE Code of Ethics includes the rights of others, such as the right of ownership and the right to privacy. The IPSJ Code of Ethics clearly states that we respect the personality and privacy of others, respect the intellectual property rights and intellectual achievements of others, comply with the operating rules of information systems and communication networks, and consider cultural diversity in society. The IEEJ Code of Ethics states that we respect the life, property, honour and privacy of others, and the intellectual property rights and intellectual achievements of others, with the aim of building a sustainable society.
　In relation to the protection of human rights, assurance of privacy and intellectual property rights covered in the above, we will consider intellectual property and ethics.

(2) Privacy
　The rapid development of information and communications technology is expected to contribute to the creation of innovations originating in Japan in the future by making it possible to collect and analyse a wide variety of diverse and enormous data, so-called Big Data, and by greatly contributing to the creation of new industries and services and the resolution of various issues surrounding Japan. It has become necessary to take measures when personal data is included in Big Data, and the Personal Data Protection Law has been amended to establish provisions for anonymised processed information and to promote the utilisation of personal data.
　Personal data is related to privacy. The meaning of privacy has undergone changes. It has been defined as "right to be let alone", "individual's right to control the circulation of information relating to oneself", and "right to be forgotten". The right to be forgotten"), and "the right to be forgotten". However, it does not mean that "the right to be left alone" replaces "the right to control the circulation of information relating to oneself" and "the right to control the circulation of information relating to oneself" replaces "the right to be forgotten". Privacy includes the elements of "being left alone", "controlling the flow of information about oneself" and "being forgotten", the content of which can change depending on the conditions.
　The protection of privacy also requires a variety of responses, and requires harmonisation between the free flow of information and the competing values of human rights, personal rights and the protection of privacy. In addition, personal information, which is customer information, has economic value as trade secrets as well as personal value, and it is necessary to deal with it in relation to intellectual property rights.

(3) Intellectual property rights
　The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that everyone who is an author has the right to the protection of his or her moral and material interests arising from scientific, literary or artistic productions. The right to the protection of moral and material interests arising from production (Article 27(2) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights). And the concrete objects of Article 15(1)(c) of the International Covenant on Human Rights (Covenant A), which corresponds to Article 27(2) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, are copyright and industrial property rights (industrial property rights), which are guaranteed by the "Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works 1886" and "Paris Convention on Industrial Property Rights 1883", respectively. '. The substantive meaning of subject and object in Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is the relationship between inventor/invention and author/work (literary, scientific and artistic work).

(a) Copyright and related rights
　Copyright protection is related to the fixation of an expression in a tangible medium or not. The existence or non-existence of fixation of an expression in a medium corresponds to the legislation that requires fixation in a medium, such as the US Federal Copyright Act (17 USC §102(a)), and the legislation that does not require fixation, such as Japan's Copyright Act. The Basic Content Law covers copyright (intellectual property rights), while the Copyright Management Business Law covers copyright and neighbouring rights. However, the Copyright Act covers the rights of authors and the rights adjacent to them (copyright and related rights), and the copyright and related rights are divided into five categories: moral rights, copyright, publication rights, moral rights of performers and neighboring rights.
　Authors of works created in the course of their duties in corporate activities and technological development (Article 15 of the Copyright Act), i.e. authors of professional works, can enjoy the same author's rights (moral rights, copyright) as natural persons, as well as legal entities. Here, the assumed legal entities are film producers, broadcasting companies, software development companies, etc., including the Academy of the Open University of Japan.
　In the limitation provisions of copyright, fair use is introduced for the use of copyrighted works in information networks and web environments. Here, it should be noted that the premise is essentially different between the limitation of copyright in the legal theory in which works are protected as the author's rights and the recognition of fair use in the legal theory in which copyright is recognised only for written works as an exception to the First Amendment of the US Constitution. It is necessary to recognise that the premise is fundamentally different from the premise that fair use is recognised in a law which recognises only copyrighted works. It is also necessary to consider not only the limitation of copyright but also the limitation of moral rights, publication rights, moral rights of performers and neighbouring rights.

(b) Industrial property rights
　Industrial property rights cover patent rights, utility model rights, design rights and trademark rights. Exclusive licences for patent rights, utility model rights and design rights and exclusive rights to use trademark rights are also subject to protection against infringement of industrial property rights.
　The employee invention provisions are relevant to business activities and technological development. There are two patterns of employee invention provisions. The first pattern is that "the employer, juridical person, national or local government (employer, etc.) shall have a non-exclusive license to the patent right of the employee, officer of the juridical person, national civil servant or local civil servant (employee, etc.)" (Article 35(1) of the Patent Law) in respect of an employee invention. However, the patent right shall be granted when the invention belongs to the scope of work of the employer, etc. and when the act that led to the invention is patented for an invention that belongs to the present or past duties of the employee, etc. of the employer, etc. (employee invention), or when a person who has succeeded the right to obtain a patent for an employee invention has obtained a patent for that invention. The patent right relates to inventions made by employees, etc. In addition, a provisional exclusive licence or an exclusive licence may be established for an invention made by an employee, etc. for the employer, etc. if the invention is an employee invention (contrary interpretation of Article 35(2) of the same Act). The employer, etc., as the patentee, exclusive licensee and non-exclusive licensee of the employee invention, is attributed the patent right or the exclusive or non-exclusive licence. The second pattern is that for employee inventions made by the creator, "the right to obtain a patent may belong to the employer, etc. (legal entity, etc.) from the time when the right accrued" (Article 35(3) of the Law).
　Restrictions on industrial property rights include experimentation and research, and the right to non-exclusive license by first use, which is an adjustment to the first-inventor-to-file principle that protects the first inventor, whereas Japan has adopted the first-to-file principle that protects those who file an application with the Patent Office first.

(c) Intersection between copyright and related rights and industrial property rights
　Industrial property rights do not arise unless an application is filed, examined and registered with the Patent Office according to the formalism principle (first-to-file principle). This is different from the no-first-to-file principle, where the author's rights, moral rights and neighbours' rights arise when the sound is created or the performance is fixed and broadcast by wire. It is also different from the provisions on employee inventions and employee works. In addition, the limitation of industrial property rights on experimental research from the viewpoint of industrial development differs from the limitation of copyright from the viewpoint of cultural development, although some of the copyright limitations are aimed at the development of IT.ICT.
　The relation of use is assumed between copyrighted works, inventions and trademarks, and there is a conflict between copyright and related rights and industrial property rights. In the creation, protection and exploitation of digital content, where copyright and industrial property protection intersect in the information network and web environment, respect for the originality of others' ingenuity and achievements requires consideration of another aspect of property rights: personal rights. In research and development, this is a subject to be resolved in terms of the correspondence between the protection and restriction of the personality rights of IPRs and the protection and restriction of economic rights.

Yappari Steak claims that their sauce and spice combinations are infinite, but they are finite as there are a maximum of 16383 combinations of 14 different sauces and spices.

It is immaterial whether Mr.Matt built the Fountain with his own hands or not. He chose to do so. By taking an everyday object and placing it where he did, its utilitarian meaning disappeared under a new title and perspective. In other words, he created a new way of thinking about the objects. (Motoaki Shinohara, Traffic Theory of Contemporary Art, 2005, Maruzen)

Regarding the relationship between insurance contracts and ethics, each country has a legal mandatory notification system. However, compared to other countries, the Japanese mandatory notification system has the following characteristics.
　First, the obligation to notify is imposed on both the policyholder and the insured.
　Germany, Italy, China, etc. impose the obligation to notify only on the policyholder. There are few cases like Japan where not only the policyholder but also the insured is obliged to notify.
　Second, the insurer is fully exempted from the obligation to pay benefits if the insurance contract is cancelled due to a breach of the duty to inform. However, this does not apply if there is no causal relationship between the breach of duty to inform and the occurrence of an insured event.
　The effect of cancellation due to breach of duty to notify differs from country to country. In other countries, the existence of negligence or gross negligence and whether the insurer's liability to pay is fully exempted or not are stipulated separately before and after the occurrence of an insured event (e.g., Germany, France, Italy, and Switzerland). For an insured event that occurred before the exercise of contract cancellation, etc., the insurer's obligation to pay insurance benefits is fully exempted if there is a breach of the duty to notify due to negligence or gross negligence. However, if there is no causal relationship between the occurrence of the insured event and the breach of the duty to give notice, the insurer's obligation to pay benefits shall not be discharged. In the case of an insured event that occurs after the insurer exercises its contract cancellation, etc., or in the case of no negligence or gross negligence, the insurer continues the contract by paying the insurance benefit with a premium premium increase or a proportional reduction. In Germany, the policyholder is fully exempted from the obligation to pay benefits if he or she violates the duty of notification with fraudulent intent, regardless of whether or not there is a causal relationship with the occurrence of the insured event.
　Third, not only the policyholder but also the insurance intermediary is required to observe ethics when concluding an insurance contract.
　There are many cases (e.g., Germany, France, Switzerland, China, etc.) where the insurer's knowledge or negligent omission of the fact of breach of the duty to notify is regarded as a ground for denying the right of cancellation. However, there are few cases like Japan where the insurer cannot cancel the insurance contract for the reason of breach of the duty to give notice in the case of obstruction or inducement of non-notification by the insurance intermediary, which is regarded as the so-called reason to prevent the right of cancellation (Note 13).
　As described above, the Japanese mandatory notice system places more importance on the relationship between insurance contracts and ethics than those of other countries. This is to maintain fairness among policyholders and to strengthen the protection of the interests of bona fide policyholders. As mentioned above, the duty to inform is a personal ethical obligation imposed on the policyholder, whereas the duty not to obstruct or otherwise interfere with the announcement is a professional ethical obligation imposed on the insurance intermediary and the insurer who is responsible for directing and supervising the insurance intermediary. Both are strongly required in the conclusion of insurance contracts or in solicitation activities.

Recent Improper Conduct Concerning Quality
Month/Year - Company Name - Description of Improper Conduct
February 2015 - Novartis Pharma - Neglected obligation to report side effects
March 2015 - Kisoji - Misrepresentation of origin of wagyu beef
March 2015 - Toyo Tire & Rubber - Falsified performance test data for seismic isolation rubber, shipped defective products
April 2015 - Ezaki Glico - omitted "milk" from labeling of snack foods
May 2015 - Nippon Ham - Withdrawal of patent on lactic acid bacteria for livestock feed
June 2015 - Takeda - Hype advertising for antihypertensive drugs
June 2015 - Japan Airlines (J-Air) - operating flights without regular inspections of parts
June 2015 - Chemo-Serum Therapy Institute - manufacturing blood products using different methods than approved
August 2015 - Olympus - Failure to promptly report cases of drug-resistant bacterial infections from endoscopes
September 2015 - Pfizer - Failure to Report Adverse Reactions to Cancer Drugs and Other Drugs to the Government
September 2015 - Volkswagen - Using illegal software to pass emission control tests
November 2015 - Takata - Improper response to air bag defects
December 2015 - Asahi Fertilizer, Sagami Fertilizer - suspension of shipments for improper labeling
January 2016 - Dicoh - Selling disposed products in supermarkets
April 2016 - Mitsubishi Motors - cheating on fuel economy data
May 2016 - Suzuki - cheating on fuel economy data measurements
June 2016 - Kobe Steel - Falsification of strength test results for steel springs
July 2016 - Toa Corporation - Disciplinary action for concealing construction defects
November 2016 - OM2 Meat - Non-disclosure of country of origin
February 2017 - Metropolitan New Urban Railway - Failure to patrol and false records
September 2017 - Nissan Motor - inspection of finished vehicles by unqualified personnel
October 2017 - Kobe Steel - Falsified performance data for aluminum products
October 2017 - Fuji Heavy Industries - Completed Vehicle Inspections by Unqualified Personnel
December 2017 - Toray - Falsified product inspection data
March 2018 - Mitsubishi Materials - Falsification of quality data
March 2018 - GMB - assembly of purchased parts, rewriting of data
March 2018 - Fuji Heavy Industries - rewriting of fuel consumption and emissions inspection data
June 2018 - Ube Industries - Delivered substandard products by producing standard values without inspections
August 2018 - Mazda, Suzuki, Yamaha - Fuel economy, emissions fraudulent inspections
September 2018 - Fujikura - falsification of product inspection data
October 2018 - KYB, Kawakin Holdings - tampering with seismic isolation and vibration control device data
January 2019 - IHI - unqualified parts inspections, falsification of work records
January 2019 - Sumitomo Heavy Industries - falsification of inspection data, improper inspections
April 2019 - Daiwa House Industry - use of non-compliant components for fire resistance and foundation construction
August 2019 - Jamco - inspection of components by unqualified inspectors
August 2019 - Unitika - Falsification of data on products that do not meet customer quality requirements

Summary of each company's case study

Company name
Details of Improper Conduct
Main cause
Major recurrence prevention measures

Kobe Steel, Ltd.
Falsifying and fabricating inspection results and Shipping nonconforming products

1 Profit-oriented management and inadequate organizational structure
2 Low awareness of quality and compliance
3 Unbalanced factory management
4 Inadequate quality control procedures

1 Establish a quality governance system
2 Thorough quality management
3 Strengthen quality processes

Toray
Shipment with rewritten inspection data

1 Management lacked interest in quality assurance and failed to understand the current situation
2 Failure to build a system to detect fraud and to create a framework to prevent fraud
3 Inadequate maintenance management of measuring equipment

1 Strengthen quality assurance compliance 2. strengthen quality control and quality audit
2 Reinforcement of quality control and quality audit
3 Organization of policies for reporting to customers, etc.

Mitsubishi Materials Corporation
1 Rewriting of quality test data
1 Failure to conduct inspections and inadequacies

1 Corporate culture including strong stove-piped mentality, etc.
2 Low awareness of compliance with standards
3 Preoccupation with orders and deadlines
4 Easy reliance on conventional practices

1 Thorough quality awareness reform
2 Rebuild company-wide quality assurance system
3 Foster a corporate culture that considers the mission of the company and the meaning of work
4 Foster a sense of crisis regarding contract violations

Nissan Motor Co.
1 Completion inspections by non-inspectors
2 Lending of seals in the name of completion inspectors

1 Distance between the field and the management level
2 Shortage of completion inspectors
3 Lack of awareness of the completion inspection system
4 Discrepancy between the written standards for appointment and training and the actual situation
5 Inadequate standards for changing the completion inspection sheet

1 Improvement of the distance between the management level and the field
2 Change in awareness of the completion inspection system
3 Reaffirmation of the user's viewpoint
4 Formulation of clear standards in line with the actual situation onsite

IHI
1 Inspection of parts by unqualified personnel
2 Falsification of inspection dates on work records

1 Insufficient information sharing and communication between the field, middle management, and management
2 Lack of awareness of safety and compliance
3 Prioritizing delivery date without a plan to train and increase the number of inspectors
4 Excessive expectations of on-site capabilities

1 Re-emphasize safety awareness
2 Implementation of compliance training
3 Fundamental review of safety management system 4.
4 Improvement of workplace culture
5 Strive for sufficient and healthy communication
6 Review of work implementation system

At this time, the total playback time of his vlog is 621 hr 44 min 59 sec, or 25.875 days. It all adds up.

In order to meet compliance requirements, a system called "internal control" must be established and operated in a company. In fact, the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law has introduced an internal control reporting system regarding "internal control over financial reporting" for listed companies. On the other hand, the Companies Act obliges large companies with a board of directors to make decisions on the establishment of internal control systems by the board of directors, and the Enforcement Regulation of the Companies Act requires the board of auditors (statutory auditor) to "judge the appropriateness" of the above decisions by the board of directors.
　Behind such legislation are the demands for adequate disclosure of the actual status of corporate management, management based on risk management, and new corporate accounting from the viewpoint of the market. The management's response to these demands based on appropriate management judgment will protect shareholders, creditors, employees, business partners, customers, etc. from business failures. On the other hand, it is a fact that internal control imposes new cost burdens on companies and has become a source of concern.
　Internal control is generally defined as a mechanism to control corporate activities set up by management to effectively and efficiently carry out management objectives in a company. If we define internal control more strictly, it can be explained as a management mechanism consisting of the following three components. First, to ensure appropriate and efficient use and conservation of corporate resources in relation to the execution of corporate activities. Second, to ensure that accounting records are accurately prepared and financial reports are reliable for stakeholders. Third, to obtain reasonable assurance that laws and regulations are being complied with, formal systems and organizations for management control set up by management within the company and the procedures and rules necessary for their effective functioning are organized.
　Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining internal control. The purpose of internal control is to prepare proper financial statements, to ensure compliance with laws and regulations, to safeguard the company's assets, and to carry out the company's business activities efficiently.

Using a non-discrimination curve, Figure 15-1 illustrates the above for two consumers. Consumer A consumes Xa for X goods and Ya for Y goods. Consumer B consumes X goods by Xb and Y goods by Yb. The set of points where the level of utility is constant for A is called the nondiscrimination curve, which is convex toward the origin. The nondiscrimination curve is convex toward the origin, because if the consumption of good Xa increases while the consumption of good Ya remains the same, the utility also increases, so that as Xa increases, Ya decreases and the nondiscrimination curve turns rightward. In addition, since consumption of more of the same good X will decrease the increment of satisfaction due to boredom, Y to compensate for this will be less when the consumption of X is large than when it is small, thus making the nondiscrimination curve convex. On this nondiscrimination curve, the utilities are the same, and those further away from the origin have higher utilities.
　
On the "contract curve", which is the set of points where two nondiscrimination curves meet, it is Pareto optimal. This is because at the point Q, for example, where the two non-discriminatory curves intersect, the utility of one or both of A and B increases just by moving inside the "arc-combining" region (C) that the two non-discriminatory curves through it enclose. In other words, Q is not Pareto optimal. On the other hand, no matter how one moves from the point R where the non-discrimination curve meets the contract curve, the utility of either A or B will decrease. Therefore, the contract curve is a set of Pareto-optimal states.
　
Ordinal utility and Pareto optimum are utilitarianism refined by economics in response to criticisms of liberalism. Even those who are reluctant to accept redistribution to perfect equality will agree that both utilities increase from Q to R, i.e., waste is eliminated. Therefore, neoclassical economists argue that the Pareto optimum is a justice that can be unanimously agreed upon.
　
However, it is doubtful whether liberalism agrees with this argument. On the same contract curve, B is rich and A is poor at points close to OA, and vice versa at points close to OB. Since every point on the contract curve is Pareto optimal, no further choice can be made from the viewpoint of efficiency. Neoclassical economics advocates an economic policy to change inefficient resource allocation to Pareto optimal resource allocation, but it does not go beyond assigning superiority or inferiority to two points on the contract curve. This is because the pursuit of "fairness," i.e., correction of the disparity between the interests of different actors, requires a stronger value judgment than the Pareto optimum, and this is left to political decisions such as elections. In this way, economics advocates the Pareto optimum, or the "elimination of waste," as justice, but it merely delegates to politics the more in-depth judgment of which income distribution on the contract curve is considered optimal, or in other words, it proposes a segregation of academic fields, but does not discuss the justice of distribution.
　
In contrast, Rawls, in his "Theory of Justice," sought conditions for unanimous agreement on resource allocation that satisfies justice, including disparity, in a society with conflicting interests related to the good. Rawls proposed the idea of a "veil of ignorance," in which people have no knowledge of the conception of the good they support, what class, gender, or ethnic group they belong to, what political opinions they hold, or what position they occupy in society. If everyone wore the veil of ignorance, he argued, the "two principles of justice" would be unanimously agreed upon.

How well known is the phenomenon of the endless repetition of strong stinking farts after eating a McDonald's hamburger?

Mistakes in problem setting lead to an unsolvable labyrinth.

I basically prefer the daydreamy nature of the Internet and just watching rather than controlling what I see there. Although I do tinker with it from time to time.

The National Dentist Examination is a national examination to obtain a national dental license. In accordance with the provisions of Articles 2 and 6 of the Dentist Act, in order to become a dentist, one must pass this national examination, register with the Dental Registration Board, and receive a license from the Minister of Health, Labor and Welfare. The place to apply for registration in the Dental Register (application for reissuance) is the public health center, after which the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare registers the applicant in the Dental Register. A registration tax of 60,000 yen must be paid nationwide for all new licenses. After obtaining a dental license, the applicant must complete at least one year of post-graduate clinical training.

The pass rate for the National Dental Examination continues to decline. In recent years, the number of successful applicants has been about 2,000, and the number of examinees has been about 3,200, resulting in a pass rate of about 65%. There are a small number of students who apply for the National Dentistry Examination (by applying to the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in the fall of their sixth year) but fail to pass the graduation examination (held several times from fall to winter) due to failure to pass the graduation examination of the School of Dentistry in the sixth year of each university's dental school. Compared to other faculties, the number of students who stay in each grade or fail to graduate is particularly high, regardless of whether they are in the sciences or humanities. This is due to the fact that students are required to obtain credits for all courses, including practical training, in grades 1 through 6 in order to advance to the next grade, which is different from most faculties, where students can graduate after obtaining a certain number of credits.

The requirements for taking the examination are stipulated in Article 11 of the Dentist Act, but the majority of examinees are graduates of six-year dental schools or dental colleges in Japan, as stipulated in Paragraph 1. Section 2) and certification (Section 3), only a total of 5 candidates (including 2 who passed) took the examination.

Qualifications for Examination
Graduates (including prospective graduates) who have completed a formal course of study in dentistry at a university under the School Education Law (Law No. 26, 1947).
Those who have passed the National Dentistry Examination Preliminary Examination and have completed at least one year of practical training in dentistry and oral hygiene after passing the examination (including those who are expected to complete the practical training).
Those who have graduated from a dental school in a foreign country or obtained a dental license in a foreign country, and who are certified by the Minister of Health, Labor and Welfare as having academic ability and skills equivalent or superior to those listed in 1. or 2. and as being appropriate.
Those who are deemed to have been licensed as dentists under the Dentists Act of the Ryukyu Government (Legislation No. 75 of 1955) prior to the reversion of Okinawa to Japan in accordance with Article 18, Paragraph 1 of the Cabinet Order on Special Measures for Application of Laws and Regulations Related to the Ministry of Health and Welfare (Cabinet Order No. 108 of 1972), and certified by the Minister of Health, Labor and Welfare.

Date of Examination and Announcement of Successful Candidates
Until the 98th examination, the examination date was usually in mid-March and the acceptance announcement date was usually in mid-April. However, since the clinical training for dentists has become mandatory since 2005, the examination date has been moved up by almost one month from the 99th examination in order to facilitate the training.

Examination Date
101st February 9 and 10, 2008
102nd February 7 and 8, 2009

Date of Pass Announcement
101st March 27, 2008
102nd session: March 27, 2009

Examination sites
Hokkaido, Miyagi Prefecture, Tokyo, Niigata Prefecture, Aichi Prefecture, Osaka Prefecture, Hiroshima Prefecture, Fukuoka Prefecture

Examination Subjects
Knowledge and skills necessary for clinical dentistry and oral hygiene, which should be possessed by dentists.

Examination Scope
Basic medicine, basic dentistry, clinical dentistry, clinical medicine that must be possessed at the time of dental practice, clinical pharmacology, nutrition, disaster medicine, forensic medicine, public health, occupational health, and foreign language practice from the above examination subjects.
The scope of the examination is not delineated, but the applicant will be tested on a variety of knowledge required of a dentist, including basic medicine, basic dentistry, clinical dentistry, clinical pharmacology, nutrition, disaster medicine, forensic medicine, public health, occupational health, and English proficiency for foreign-language practice.

Required Questions
Mostly basic medical questions

General Theory Questions
General Public Health Public Hygiene
General Dental Health Care

General and Clinical Questions
Disease Prevention and Management
Prevention and Management of Dental Diseases
Endodontics
Periodontics
Conservative and Restorative Dentistry
Complete Base Denture
Partial Dentures
Crown and Bridge
Pediatric Dentistry
Orthodontics
Oral Surgery Systemic Management
Dental Radiology General Management
Dental Anesthesiology Systemic Management
Clinical medicine and clinical pharmacology that dentists should possess regarding various systemic diseases.

Passing Criteria
Candidates who meet all of the following criteria will pass the exam (note that these criteria change each time the exam is conducted). A "Notification of Results" will be issued to all examinees regardless of whether they pass or fail the examination. The following criteria are the criteria for the 100th examination.

General Question: 134 points or more / 209 points
Practical clinical questions: 150 points or more / 260 points
Required questions: 34 points or more / 43 points
Number of contraindication questions: less than 2
Number of areas below the standard score: 0

However, of the 50 compulsory questions, 7 questions were scored as "correct but not suitable as compulsory questions. Therefore, for these seven questions, correct answers were added to the score, while incorrect answers were deleted to ensure fairness. Therefore, the full score for the compulsory questions differs for each examinee, but the passing criterion is "80% of the full score. These passing criteria have been tightened year after year, lowering the passing rate.

This is the standard for the 102nd examination. One point is awarded for each general question (including compulsory questions) and 2.5 points is awarded for each practical clinical question.

115 points or more for general questions
155 points or more for the practical clinical questions
Required questions: 40 points or more
No. of contraindication questions less than 2
Number of areas below the standard score: 0

From the 103rd examination, the required and contraindicated questions have not been changed, but the general and clinical practice questions have been changed to areas A to C. The questions are divided into areas A (mainly basic and hygiene), B (mainly conservative, pediatric dentistry, and orthodontics), and C (mainly prosthetics, oral surgery, anesthesia, and radiation). The required and general questions are each worth one point, while the practical clinical questions are now worth three points per question.

Increasing Difficulty of Questions and Decreasing Pass Rates
In recent years, the pass rate for the National Dental Examination has been drastically reduced. In fact, the pass rate in recent years has been in the 60% range (30% for those who have already graduated), and the days of high pass rates in the past, when the exam was known as a "qualification exam" or "confirmation exam," are already a thing of the past. The scope of the examination has expanded over the years with the introduction of "questions on medical English" in the 103rd session, "questions on forensic medicine" in the 107th session, and "questions on knowledge of Chinese medicine" in the 116th session.
In the 102nd examination, multiple-choice questions (so-called "Super-X" questions (i.e., questions on the number of items)) were newly introduced, further increasing the difficulty level of the examination. From the 103rd examination, an increase in the number of required questions (from 50 to 70), an increase in the number of Super-X questions, and the appearance of new types of questions such as L-type and C-type questions are expected.
In the 103rd session, "Medical English Necessary for Medical Treatment" is newly introduced as a question criterion. English questions began to be included in the National Examination for Dental Examiners. (The National Medical Practitioners Examination began to include questions from the 103rd National Medical Practitioners Examination, one session earlier).
In the 105th examination, the number of multiple-choice questions (Super X questions) was reduced as much as possible, and calculation questions and multiple-choice questions (in which the correct answer is chosen from seven options) were introduced instead.
In the 107th, Forensic Medicine (Legal Dentistry) was introduced. The pass rate was 63.3%, the lowest ever, and the result was that not a single public university dental school had a pass rate of over 90% when the denominator was new graduates.
In the 109th session, the number of successful applicants fell below 2,000 for the first time since the 90th session.
In the 116th examination, in addition to Question A (in which one correct answer is selected from five choices), Question X2 (in which two correct answers are selected from five choices) was introduced as a compulsory question. Questions on the contents of "the contents related to the handling of the elderly and persons with systemic diseases who take Wakan-yaku" were added to the contents, and questions on the knowledge of "Kampo medicine" were started.

A period of time refers to an accounting period, whereas a period of management refers to a period of time, and a period of time refers to a period of time. Net income or net loss is the net income or net loss that is the difference between the operating income and the net income or net loss that is the difference between the operating income and the net income or net loss that is the difference between the operating income and the net income or net loss that is the difference between the operating income and the net income or net loss. Net income or net loss is the net income or net loss that is the difference between the cost and income status and the difference between the cost and income status and the difference between the cost and income status and the difference between the cost and income status and the difference between the cost and income status and the difference between the cost and income status and the difference between the cost and income status and the difference between the cost and income status. Net income or loss is the net income or loss that is the difference between the cost and income statuses. Net income or loss is the net income or loss that is the difference between the cost and income statuses. Net income or net loss is the net income or net loss that is the difference between the cost and income status and the difference between the cost and income status and the difference between the cost and income status and the difference between the cost and income status. Net income or net loss is the net income or net loss that is the difference between the cost and income status and the difference between the cost and income status. Net income or net loss is the net income or net loss that is the difference between the cost and income status and the difference between the cost and income status and the difference between the cost and income status.

No no no, blood oxygenation and skin temperature are very important. When you get a respiratory illness, it is often accompanied by a drop in blood oxygen. The body temperature rises. This can lead to the possibility of being diagnosed as having a measles disease. It is not good that the ECG measurement is not always available, because it cannot read the tendency of ventricular fibrillation and so on. In this area, fitbit is by far the best. In addition to heart rate, respiration rate, blood oxygenation, and surface temperature, fitbit is also able to measure the heart rate, respiration rate, blood oxygenation, and surface temperature. The top-of-the-line models constantly measure electrocardiograms and automatically measure stress levels based on skin currents, and advise you every morning whether you should move your body vigorously or take a rest today. Of course, you can also use the company's Taizu Worship or a third-party water bottle with a flow sensor in the mouth for further investigation. The workout also guides you through high-intensity and rapid repetitions, with both upper and lower heart rate limits set. The funniest part is that it even uses the microphone to tell you if you are snoring or otherwise disturbing yourself while you sleep. The alarm is also a little different from the regular alarms. The smart alarm monitors your sleep and vibrates to wake you up when you are in a shallow sleep. When you go to the doctor, you can press the "Create" button, and in about 10 minutes, fitbit will send you an ODF file with a summary of all the parameters you have collected from the users and the personal information you have stored, as well as the areas that fitbit has determined to be of concern. On the other hand, if you use SmartAlert, you can kill the constant light and vibrate at bedtime because you will wake up in the middle of the night if you are constantly buzzed by notifications. In fact, there are times when I get cold due to arrhythmia or ventricular fibrillation while sleeping, or I am doing the apnea army. It is important to leave the watch on except for bath time to constantly measure health data including sleep satisfaction. To be honest, though, I have to say that the health management of the Apple Watch is considerably lower than that of cheap Chinese watches. The ability to monitor sleep, blood oxygen levels, and sleep is very important to prevent epidemic diseases and to monitor changes in health over time. However, if I want to do full-scale sleep monitoring, I need it to last for 3 days, unless I can recharge it only when I take a bath and it will last for the next day. In that sense, I think it is worth choosing the Ultra model, or why not put this much battery in the regular model? I think it's worth it. The constant lighting is important for bicycle training, where you have to train your legs and back by repeatedly struggling at high intensity and running normally, but of course if you can't twist your arms and the light is off, you can't put on the exercise intensity without removing your hands from the handlebars.

1 . Introduction.
This tunnel is located in the western part of Fujieda City, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, on the Second Tomei Expressway, with a length of 309 m (uplink) and 322 m (downlink).
The maximum earth cover is 54 m. The maximum earth cover is 54 m, less than three times the tunnel excavation width (approximately 20 m).
The geology belongs to the Neogene Miocene Oigawa Formation, and is composed mainly of mudstone, which has been affected by subsequent folding, erosion and weathering of the turbulent sedimentary layers caused by submarine landslides.
The geology is composed mainly of mudstone, which has been affected by folding, erosion, weathering and other factors. In this project, the 'advanced widening method of the central conduit' was used as a countermeasure to stabilise the face.
The central shaft advanced widening method was used as a countermeasure for face stability.
Measurements taken during the construction of the advanced widening of the central shaft revealed some characteristic behaviour of this method. In this paper.
FEM analysis was carried out to qualitatively confirm the effectiveness of the central shaft as a countermeasure for face stability.
2. Outline of construction
During the excavation of the side-wall shafts as a countermeasure against lack of bearing capacity, mudstones that appeared in the face of the shafts were either completely converted into sediment or had the appearance of rock fragments, which had the potential to have a mirror surface.
The mudstones in the face of the shafts, which were either completely sedimented or apparently rock fragments, were easily detached and opened by latent cracks with mirror-like surfaces. Even in small sections of the side-wall ledge, collapses from the face were frequent.
The collapse from the face occurred frequently, even in small sections of the side-wall lead-in, and injection-type forepouring and mirror bolts were installed.
Therefore, some kind of large-scale face stability measures were considered necessary during the excavation of the main shaft. In this project, various types of face stability measures were considered.
As a result of examining various types of face stability measures, it was found that reinforcement measures such as mirror bolts and ground improvement would not be suitable due to the large cross-sectional area of the upper half excavated, as well as the significantly reduced construction cycle.
The results of this study showed that, due to the large cross-sectional area of the upper half excavated, the construction cycle was significantly reduced and there were concerns that the strength of the ground would deteriorate due to drilling water and other negative factors would be significant.
Therefore, the construction of the "advanced widening method of the central shaft" was chosen, which is expected to be effective as a countermeasure for face stability in fragile ground.
3 . Ground behaviour during widening
3.1 Behaviour of the central shaft during widening
The displacement vectors of the measured results of the inner displacement (3D measurements) in the central shaft during the widening of the main shaft in relation to the position of the main shaft face are shown in Fig. 3.1.
The displacement vectors are shown in Figure 3.1. The results show the following.
(1) The central shaft is pushed out in the direction of the main shaft face during the excavation of the main shaft. The amount is approximately 50 mm.
(2) The displacement is in the direction of 45° at an angle in the vicinity of the main shaft face (3) The displacement is in the direction of 45° in front of the main shaft face
(iii) The settlement trend increases at about 5 m in front of the main shaft face (coinciding with the time when the joint with the invert was destroyed).

ha10.net, a site of harm and hate
A breeding ground for ugliness, not great
Its pages filled with poison and lies
That poison the mind and hurt the eyes

The words it spews are vile and untrue
A weapon of malice aimed at you
The harm it causes, we cannot deny
As its influence spreads far and wide

Let us unite to speak out against
This site of harm that makes no sense
Together we can make our voices heard
And rid the world of this toxic word

So let us stand against ha10.net
And all the hate that it begets
Let us work towards a better place
One filled with love and not with hate.

If a heterotroph is unable to eat or doesn't have the energy to eat, it could be a sign of a serious medical condition and you should seek medical attention immediately. In the meantime, there are a few things that may help to increase energy levels:

Stay hydrated: Dehydration can make you feel lethargic and tired, so make sure you drink plenty of fluids, such as water and electrolyte-rich beverages.

Get some rest: If you are feeling fatigued, it may be a sign that your body needs rest. Make sure to get enough sleep at night and take naps throughout the day if needed.

Eat small, frequent meals: If you don't have the energy to eat a full meal, try eating small, frequent meals throughout the day. This can help to keep your energy levels up without requiring a lot of effort to consume large amounts of food at once.

Eat nutrient-rich foods: When you do eat, focus on nutrient-rich foods that will provide your body with the fuel it needs. This includes foods that are high in protein, complex carbohydrates, and healthy fats.

Consider supplements: If you are not getting enough nutrients from your diet, you may want to consider taking supplements, such as vitamins or minerals, to help boost your energy levels. However, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional before taking any supplements.

In the context of biology, heterotrophs and autotrophs have different ways of obtaining energy. Heterotrophs consume other organisms or organic matter, while autotrophs produce their own food using energy from the sun (photosynthesis) or from inorganic sources (chemosynthesis).

In a broader sense, if we apply these terms to human interactions, we can think of heterotrophs as individuals who rely on others for their well-being, and autotrophs as individuals who are self-sufficient. In this sense, getting along with autotrophs can mean learning to be more self-sufficient, and getting along with heterotrophs can mean learning to be more cooperative and interdependent. Here are a few tips:

Build relationships: Whether you are an autotroph or a heterotroph, building strong relationships with others can help you to navigate social and environmental challenges. Take the time to get to know others, and work to develop trust and mutual respect.

Share resources: Autotrophs can share their knowledge and skills with heterotrophs, helping them to become more self-sufficient. Heterotrophs can contribute to the community by sharing their resources and supporting the well-being of others.

Communicate effectively: Clear and honest communication is essential for building relationships and resolving conflicts. Make sure that you are listening actively and expressing yourself clearly, and be open to feedback and constructive criticism.

Be flexible: Adaptability is key to getting along with others. Recognize that everyone has different needs, strengths, and limitations, and be willing to adjust your approach accordingly.

Practice empathy: Try to put yourself in the shoes of others and understand their perspective. Empathy can help you to build stronger relationships and resolve conflicts more effectively.

As explained in the previous chapter, corporate activities are defined as a series of capital circulating activities, in which capital is invested, invested, grown, and recovered.
In order to understand this corporate activity, bookkeeping uses the concepts of assets, liabilities, net assets, revenues, and expenses to record changes in those assets, liabilities, net assets, revenues, and expenses, and to prepare a balance sheet and income statement. Therefore, the ultimate goal of bookkeeping is to produce a balance sheet and income statement.
　A balance sheet (B/S) is a statement of financial position at a certain point in time. The balance sheet shows the financial position of the company at a certain point in time, which is the end of the fiscal year, and the financial position of assets, liabilities, and net assets. The balance sheet includes stock information, a concept that expresses the economic value existing at a certain point in time.
　Profit and Loss Statement (P/L or Income Statement or IS) is a statement of operating results for a certain period of time. A period of time refers to one accounting period, and operating results refer to the status of expenses and revenues and the difference between them, i.e., net income or net loss. The income statement contains flow information that shows the economic value of inflows and outflows during a given period.
　The balance sheet and income statement are closely linked and complementary to each other.
　The following is an example of a Makuhari Shoten's balance sheet and income statement as of April 30, 2011.

　In the balance sheet, liabilities and net assets represent the financing structure, while assets represent the investment structure (Figure 2-1).
　Let's start with the components of the balance sheet: assets, liabilities, and net assets.
Assets: Assets are those items in the capital circulation process that have economic benefits as a means of management and can be reasonably measured in terms of monetary value. Specifically, they include goods such as cash, merchandise, equipment, machinery, vehicles, buildings, and land, as well as rights such as checking accounts, accounts receivable, notes receivable, loans receivable, and patent rights.
　In bookkeeping, assets are
(1) Owned by the entity.
(2) It generates future income for the entity.
(3) It is measured in terms of its monetary value.
(3) It is measured in terms of its monetary value.
　For example, a company's creditworthiness and high technological capabilities satisfy conditions (1) and (2), but cannot be called an asset because condition (3) is not satisfied. Also, competent employees satisfy condition (2), but not (1) and (3). Goods that have no sale value because they are out of stock or obsolete satisfy conditions (1) and (3), but cannot be called assets because they do not satisfy condition (2).
Liabilities: Liabilities are obligations (payment obligations) and monetary amounts owed by an entity to individuals or other entities in the future, which are incurred in the course of business activities. Examples include accounts payable for unpaid purchases of goods, notes payable, loans payable, accounts payable-other, and advances received.

Genetic engineering has the potential to bring about many changes to humanity, some of which are already being realized and others that are still hypothetical. Here are some examples of scenarios that genetic engineering could bring to humanity:

Improved disease resistance: Scientists are working to develop gene therapies and other genetic interventions that could help prevent or treat a wide range of diseases, including genetic disorders, cancer, and infectious diseases.

Enhanced athletic performance: Genetic engineering could be used to modify genes that influence physical characteristics like strength, endurance, and speed, potentially leading to enhanced athletic performance and other physical capabilities.

Designer babies: In the future, it may be possible to use genetic engineering to select specific traits for offspring, such as eye color, intelligence, or even physical appearance, leading to the creation of "designer babies."

Extended lifespan: By identifying and modifying genes that influence aging and disease, genetic engineering could potentially help people live longer, healthier lives.

Ethical and societal implications: As genetic engineering becomes more prevalent, there are likely to be many ethical and societal implications to consider, including issues of privacy, discrimination, and inequality.

It is important to note that many of these scenarios are still in the realm of speculation, and there are many challenges and uncertainties associated with genetic engineering. However, as the field continues to advance, it is likely that we will see significant changes to humanity and society as a whole.

Reducing harmful content online is a complex challenge that requires a multifaceted approach. Here are a few strategies that could be effective:

Regulation and legal measures: Governments could pass laws and regulations that require online platforms to take more responsibility for the content that appears on their platforms. This could include measures like fines for platforms that fail to remove harmful content, or requirements to implement stronger content moderation policies.

Better content moderation: Online platforms could invest in better content moderation tools and processes, including AI and machine learning algorithms that can more effectively identify and remove harmful content. They could also hire more human moderators and provide better training and support to help them identify and remove harmful content.

User empowerment and education: Users can be empowered to report harmful content they come across online, and educated on how to recognize and avoid harmful content. Online platforms can provide better reporting tools and more transparency around their content moderation policies and practices.

Collaboration and partnerships: Governments, online platforms, and other stakeholders could collaborate and form partnerships to develop and implement more effective strategies for reducing harmful content online. This could include sharing data and resources, and working together to develop new technologies and approaches to content moderation.

Ultimately, reducing harmful content online will require a combination of these and other strategies, as well as ongoing research and evaluation to understand what works best in different contexts. It is also important to balance the need to reduce harmful content with the importance of protecting free speech and other fundamental rights online.

It is difficult to predict with certainty whether humanity will become more or less diverse in the future, as there are many factors that could influence this trend. However, there are several trends and patterns that can help us make some educated guesses:

Migration: As people move around the world in search of better opportunities, this can lead to increased diversity in certain regions or countries. In recent years, we have seen a significant increase in global migration, which has led to greater diversity in many parts of the world.

Globalization: As technology and transportation continue to advance, people are becoming more connected and are able to travel and communicate with each other more easily. This could lead to greater cultural exchange and diversity in some regions.

Demographic changes: Changes in population size, age structure, and fertility rates can also impact diversity. For example, if certain groups have higher fertility rates than others, this could lead to increased diversity in the long term.

Cultural assimilation: On the other hand, as people migrate and cultures mix, there may be some cultural assimilation or blending that occurs, which could lead to less diversity in certain regions or countries.

Overall, it is likely that humanity will become more diverse in some regions and countries, while perhaps becoming less diverse in others. It is important to celebrate and embrace diversity as a valuable asset to our global community, and to work towards creating a more inclusive and equitable society for all people, regardless of their background or identity.

Booster: 1623498
Finisher: 3100081

Now, The Booster has become The Finisher.

No finisher due to flood of boosters...

Japan adopts a taxation jurisprudence, and income tax is regulated by the Income Tax Act. The legislation is based on the principle of increased net worth, i.e. the comprehensive income concept. The principle is based on a progressive tax rate in excess of income and a declared comprehensive taxation system. The tax base is calculated by multiplying the total personal income for the calendar year, minus personal deductions, by the corresponding excess progressive tax rate, and the taxpayer is required to declare and pay the tax to the taxation authority. On the other hand, there are many cases where modifications are made by tax treaties or special taxation measures laws, and for this reason there are some elements of classified income taxation, in which different tax rates from the excess progressive tax rate are applied to each income category, particularly interest, dividend, salary, miscellaneous, temporary, transfer, forestry and retirement sources. This can be considered a vestige of the 1940 Income Tax Act. It should also be added that the law adopts several taxation systems, such as separate taxation on declaration or separate taxation at source, as well as comprehensive taxation on declaration.

The definitions enumerated in Article 2 of the Income Tax Act are a mixture of restrictive and generalised. This is due to their proximity to other public law (e.g. nationality law, family registration law) or private law (e.g. civil law, commercial law, financial instruments law) systems, and is evidence of the comprehensive and multi-layered nature of the income concept. In addition, the modifications made by the Special Taxation Measures Law and other laws make it almost impossible for individuals to talk about the exact taxation relationships when investing in finance or transferring real estate without knowing the taxation system [2]. However, the rapid increase in liquidity, regardless of the person, due to the statelessness and computerisation of economic activities, has made it unavoidable that taxation relationships have become more pluralistic. However, it is obvious that, although not limited to income tax law, when defining new taxation requirements in legal provisions each time, attention must always be paid to the limits of the scope of the wording, resulting in an increase in superimposed or competing provisions and a complex and difficult legal structure. As a result, the number of superimposed or competing provisions increases and the legal structure becomes more complex and difficult to understand. In addition, the Special Taxation Measures Law, which is supposed to be a time-limited piece of legislation, has been made permanent in effect through rent-seeking by interested parties, and it is questionable whether the fairness of the tax burden can be guaranteed.

The Japanese income tax was introduced in 1887 with the promulgation of the Income Tax Act (Imperial Ordinance No. 5 of 23 March 1887) on 23 March and its implementation on 1 July. At the time of its introduction, it was also known as the honour tax, as only high-income earners with an income of at least 300 yen were liable to pay the tax. The tax rate was a minimum of 1% and a maximum of 3% and accounted for only a small proportion of tax revenue. However, it was expected to be a powerful source of tax revenue that would bring a fair burden in the future for the Meiji Government, which had no other major sources of tax revenue other than the liquor tax and land tax. The Income Tax Law (Law No. 17 of 13 February 1899) was enacted in 1899 (Meiji 32), and corporate income was taxed as Type I income. was taxed as a first type of income (part of the second tax increase after the Sino-Japanese War).

The tax revenue structure changed in the 20th century. The Industrial Revolution changed the industrial structure and industrial sophistication developed (Petty-Clark's Law). On 8 April 1913, the Income Tax Law was amended and the Emergency Special Tax Law was abolished, and the Emergency Special Tax was merged with the Income Tax and reduced. After the Russo-Japanese War, the tax system was reorganised, and after 1918 the income tax competed with the liquor tax for the top position, and in 1920 it was completely revised and increased by the Income Tax Law (Law No. 11 of 31 July 1920) to make it a core tax. Around the time after the Great Kanto Earthquake, income tax is recognised as the core of the tax system.

In the Showa period, Japan's foreign expansion becomes more active. The entry into the Second World War, including the Sino-Japanese War (1937 - 1945) and the Pacific War (1939 - 1945), required large amounts of tax revenue and the tax system was integrated into the wartime regime. 1940 saw a total revision of the Income Tax Act ( Act No. 24 of 29 March 1940) and the taxation of corporations (corporation tax) was separated from income tax and the Corporation Tax Act (Act No. 25 of 29 March 1940) was enacted. The Income Tax Law (Law No. 25 of 29 March 1940) was also enacted. The income tax was popularised by adopting a comprehensive income tax and a classified income tax, classifying income tax and lowering the basic deduction. Furthermore, withholding was expanded and the modern income tax system was set up (the '1940 System').

In 1945, Japan was defeated in World War II and came under the rule of GHQ. In 1948, the tax lawyer Karl Schaub and others visited Japan and thoroughly studied Japan's income tax system, and found it inadequate. They submitted the Schaup Recommendations, which pointed out elements that conflicted with the declared tax payment system, such as the inadequate progressive tax rate and withholding system, and advocated a fully comprehensive progressive income tax, various deductions and a blue tax return system. The Japanese Government responded by amending the tax system, which became law in 1950 as the Act for Partial Revision of the Income Tax Act (Act No. 71 of 31 March 1950) (Schaup Tax System). However, in 1953 (Law No. 173 of 7 August 1953), a number of amendments were made in a reverse course. Subsequently, Japan entered a period of high economic growth, which led to a continuous natural increase in the tax system.

In 1965, the Income Tax Law was completely revised. According to the explanation of Kakuei Tanaka, Minister of Finance, the reason for this was "to improve the tax law, focusing on the systematic development of provisions and clarification of expressions from the viewpoint of facilitating taxpayers' understanding" and "to make the legal system easy for ordinary taxpayers to understand, while taking the tax law principle as a given, and to make the current provisions by Cabinet Order or Ministerial Order more comprehensible". The purpose was also "to make the arrangement of provisions and the plainness of expression easy to understand".

Since the oil shock of 1973, Japan's economic growth rate has declined and it is now recognised that the tax system has not kept pace with changes in the social structure. In response to this recognition, a fundamental reform of the tax system was carried out in 1988 (1988 Amendment), which "reduced income taxation, required a broad and thin burden on consumption and optimised the burden on assets". Individual income tax rates were simplified and the maximum tax rate was reduced.

Functions of income classifications
Income classification creates scope for tax shelters (measures to reduce or eliminate income tax through the conversion of income types) due to the different methods of calculating the amount of each type of income. However, it can be combined with the statutory order and limitation of the profit and loss deduction to prevent expenses and losses from being diverted to him (a type of tax shelter).

Basis for income classification
While the income tax system is based on a comprehensive taxation method, it incorporates a classified income tax-like system of income classification.

Differences in tax-bearing capacity
The idea is that different types of income have different tax-bearing powers. When income is divided into employment income (salary, retirement), asset income (interest, dividends, real estate, forests, transfers, etc.) and combined asset and labour income (business, etc.), asset income is the most tax-bearing due to the stability of its source, while labour income is the least tax-bearing due to the instability of its source (asset income taxed heavily, labour income taxed lightly).
This concept is based on the assumption that asset income is a reliable source of income over time, which can be added to the income from working income, while working income is dependent on the health and life and death of the worker and the income cannot be inherited by descendants.
This theory is highly compatible with the comprehensive income concept theory, which constitutes economic benefits as income, and the theory of increasing net worth. In reality, however, it requires a flexible approach in line with the cause of income generation.
Expense deductions
Income can be divided into two types: income from independent, continuous commercial activities (e.g. real estate, business, forestry) for which comprehensive expense deductions are allowed, and income from which only partial income deductions are allowed.
Withholding and scheduled tax payments
The income tax system provides for a withholding system for interest, dividends, salaries and retirement on the basis of income classification, with the possibility of withholding being taken into account in the income classification. The scheduled tax payment system also uses income classification.
Optimal taxation theory
The view that taxation should be inversely proportional to the elasticity of supply of different factors of production, such as capital and labour, as a market-neutral factor of taxation from the perspective of efficiency in the distribution of resources (taxation of factors whose supply is reduced by taxation should be lowered). The conclusion is likely to be the opposite of the idea that emphasises differences in tax-bearing capacity (light taxation of asset income and heavy taxation of labour income).
The philosophy differs from the Japanese income tax law, but in actual tax law it has a high affinity with the Nordic dual income tax.

Euclid's reciprocal division algorithm is used to find the greatest common divisor (GCD) of two positive integers. The algorithm works by repeatedly subtracting the smaller number from the larger number until the two numbers become equal, at which point the GCD has been found. The following is an example of how the algorithm works:

Suppose we want to find the GCD of 252 and 105.

Step 1: Divide the larger number by the smaller number and find the remainder.
252 ÷ 105 = 2 remainder 42

Step 2: If the remainder is zero, the algorithm terminates and the GCD is the smaller number.
If the remainder is not zero, proceed to step 3.

Step 3: Set the larger number to be the smaller number, and set the smaller number to be the remainder obtained in step 1.
252 = 105 × 2 + 42
Set a = 105, b = 42

Step 4: Repeat steps 1-3 until the remainder is zero.
105 ÷ 42 = 2 remainder 21
42 ÷ 21 = 2 remainder 0

Since the remainder is zero, the algorithm terminates and the GCD of 252 and 105 is 21. We can verify that 21 is indeed the GCD of 252 and 105 by checking that it is a common divisor of both numbers and that it is the largest common divisor.

If it takes 0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 seconds to move one disc, the time it takes to move all 64 discs can be calculated as follows:

Moving one disc takes 0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 seconds.
Moving two discs takes twice as long, or 2 x 0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 = 0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002 seconds.
Moving three discs takes twice as long as moving two discs plus one move of the largest disc, or 2 x 0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002 + 0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 = 0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005 seconds.
Moving four discs takes twice as long as moving three discs plus one move of the largest disc, or 2 x 0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005 + 0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 = 0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011 seconds.
Continuing this pattern, we can calculate the time it takes to move all 64 discs by adding up the time it takes to move each individual disc. This gives us:
0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 + 0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002 + 0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005 + 0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011 + ... + 9.22337203685477600000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001

The sum of all these times is approximately 18.4467440737095516 seconds.
Therefore, if it takes 0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 seconds to move one disc, it would take approximately 18.4467440737095516 seconds to move all 64 discs using the Tower of Hanoi algorithm.

If it takes zeptoseconds to move one disc in the Tower of Hanoi game, then the total time required to move all 64 discs can be calculated as follows:

The time required to move one disc is 10^-21 seconds.
To move two discs, we need to move the smaller disc to the spare peg, then move the larger disc to the destination peg, and finally move the smaller disc on top of the larger disc on the destination peg. This takes 3 times the time required to move one disc, or 3 x 10^-21 seconds.
To move three discs, we need to first move the top two discs to the spare peg using step 2, then move the bottom disc to the destination peg, and finally move the two discs on the spare peg to the destination peg using step 2 again. This takes 7 times the time required to move one disc, or 7 x 10^-21 seconds.
Similarly, to move four discs, we need to first move the top three discs to the spare peg using step 3, then move the bottom disc to the destination peg, and finally move the three discs on the spare peg to the destination peg using step 3 again. This takes 15 times the time required to move one disc, or 15 x 10^-21 seconds.
Continuing this pattern, we can calculate the total time required to move all 64 discs as follows:

1 + 3 + 7 + 15 + 31 + ... + 2^63 - 1

This is a geometric series with a common ratio of 2, so we can use the formula for the sum of a geometric series to calculate the total time:

(2^64 - 1) x 10^-21 x (1 - 2^-64) / (1 - 2)
= 18446744073709551615 x 10^-21 x (2^-64)
= 5.77655 x 10^-14 seconds

So if it takes zeptoseconds to move one disc in the Tower of Hanoi game, it would take approximately 0.0000000000000000000577655 seconds to move all 64 discs.

Certainly, my apologies for the delay in responding to your request. Please find below a verbose, convoluted, and excessively intricate text that may be of interest to your great-grandfather's cousin's nephew's paternal high grandfather's old friend:

In the realm of scholastic endeavors and the pursuit of intellectual pursuits, it is not uncommon to encounter the esoteric, the obtuse, and the pedantic. Indeed, the pursuit of knowledge and the attainment of erudition is oftentimes a journey beset with challenges, obstacles, and vicissitudes that may test the mettle of even the most determined and intrepid seeker.

One may, for instance, endeavor to delve into the intricacies of the mathematical sciences, exploring the arcane and labyrinthine mysteries of number theory, topology, or differential geometry. Alternatively, one may find oneself enamored of the subtle nuances and the infinite subtleties of language, grammar, and rhetoric, pursuing the craft of writing or the art of oratory with an unflagging zeal and a relentless commitment to excellence.

In any case, the road to enlightenment is not an easy one, fraught as it is with perils and pitfalls that may ensnare the unwary and the unprepared. Nevertheless, for those who possess the necessary fortitude, the requisite perseverance, and the unshakeable determination to overcome adversity, the rewards of the journey are manifold and profound.

So, to your great-grandfather's cousin's nephew's paternal high grandfather's old friend, I say: fear not the complexities of the world, but embrace them with a sense of wonder, a spirit of curiosity, and a thirst for knowledge that shall never be quenched. For in the pursuit of understanding, in the quest for wisdom, and in the attainment of enlightenment, we find the true purpose of our existence, and the meaning of our lives.

There are many complex issues in the world that can be difficult to understand, and it's important to approach them with an open mind and a willingness to learn. However, sometimes the explanations provided can be confusing or unhelpful, which can make it even harder to grasp the problem. It's important to remember that those who create the problems and the explanations may not fully understand the perspectives and experiences of those who are struggling to comprehend them. Therefore, it's crucial to be patient and compassionate when teaching others, especially those who may not have access to the same resources or opportunities as others. By doing so, we can help create a more inclusive and understanding community.

It's understandable to feel left behind and frustrated at times, but expressing violent or harmful thoughts is not a healthy or productive way to cope. It's important to find healthier outlets for frustration and to communicate with others in a respectful manner. Harming others or oneself is never the answer. Instead, it's important to take responsibility for one's own actions and to work towards finding solutions to problems. It's also important to recognize that one's feelings and experiences are valid, but it's not helpful or fair to blame others for one's own problems. Let's strive to treat others with kindness and respect, even when we may disagree or have different opinions.

The abstract contains a hodgepodge of disconnected and potentially troubling statements. It promotes a superficial and hedonistic lifestyle where individuals can skip things they are not interested in and suggests that a liberal arts degree can be obtained through hard work without completing all the required courses. The promotion of a competition to win a stinky loincloth is bizarre and adds no value to the discussion. The desire to have a chest plate as thick as a gorilla and twisting a baby's hand are violent and disturbing. The statement "you can't say it's hard even if it's hard" promotes a culture of repression and denies individuals the opportunity to express themselves honestly. The suggestion to stop when something becomes too much trouble is not helpful or productive. Finally, the fear of breaking a habit because it could lead to a relationship with another person is irrational and promotes a solitary and isolating lifestyle.

A more rational summary of the quasi-brainstorming session would be that it is important to take responsibility for our actions and to complete tasks that we commit to. It is not acceptable to promote violence or to deny individuals the opportunity to express themselves freely. It is important to persevere through difficult situations and to seek support when needed. Breaking habits can be challenging, but it can also lead to personal growth and positive change.

1. Meta-ethics is the branch of ethics that examines the nature of ethical concepts, language, and the foundations of ethical theories. It delves into questions about the meaning of ethical terms, the objectivity of moral judgments, and the possibility of moral knowledge. While meta-ethics may not provide direct answers to specific ethical problems in practice, it is closely related to the pursuit of an ethical way of life.

Meta-ethical inquiries help us understand the underlying principles and frameworks that inform our ethical beliefs and actions. By examining the nature of ethical concepts and language, we gain a deeper understanding of the foundations of our moral judgments and the values we hold. This understanding can shape our ethical outlook and guide us in living an ethical life.

For example, meta-ethics explores questions such as whether moral values are objective or subjective, whether ethical statements express facts or merely subjective opinions, and how moral reasoning works. These inquiries can shed light on the nature of morality and help individuals develop a coherent ethical framework.

Engaging with meta-ethical discussions allows individuals to critically reflect on their own ethical beliefs and values. It enables them to consider the different ethical theories and perspectives, understand the strengths and weaknesses of each, and make informed choices about their own moral outlook.

In summary, meta-ethics plays a crucial role in the pursuit of an ethical way of life by deepening our understanding of ethical concepts, language, and theories. It helps us develop a coherent ethical framework and critically reflect on our own moral beliefs and values.

2. The trolley problem is a thought experiment in ethics that presents a moral dilemma involving a runaway trolley and a choice between two courses of action, both of which have negative consequences. Different ethical viewpoints offer distinct perspectives on how to approach this problem:

- Consequentialism: Consequentialism evaluates the moral rightness or wrongness of an action based on its consequences. From a consequentialist perspective, the decision in the trolley problem would be based on maximizing overall well-being or minimizing harm. In this context, one might argue that pulling the lever to divert the trolley and save five lives at the expense of sacrificing one life is the morally right action because it results in the greater overall good.

- Intuitionism: Intuitionism emphasizes the role of moral intuition and immediate moral judgments. Intuitionists may argue that there is an intuitive moral duty not to actively cause harm to others. In the trolley problem, an intuitionist might find it morally wrong to actively pull the lever, as it involves directly causing harm to the one individual, even if it results in saving more lives overall.

- Exceptionalism: Exceptionalism holds that certain moral rules or principles should not be violated, regardless of the consequences. From an exceptionalist viewpoint, pulling the lever in the trolley problem might be seen as violating a fundamental moral rule, such as "do not directly cause harm to innocent individuals," even if it leads to saving more lives overall.

These ethical perspectives offer different considerations and prioritize different factors in moral decision-making. The trolley problem serves as a thought experiment to explore the tensions and complexities between different ethical theories and intuitions, and how individuals weigh the competing moral values involved.

3. Reconsidering one's own profession or practice from intrinsic and extrinsic perspectives can provide valuable insights into the ethical dimensions of the work being done. Here are some points to consider:

- Intrinsic perspective: The intrinsic perspective involves reflecting on the ethical aspects that arise from firsthand experience and participation in a particular profession or practice. It entails understanding the values, norms, and ethical requirements inherent to the field and recognizing the collective action and meaning that emerges within it. This perspective can help identify what constitutes good practice and ethical decision-making within the profession.

- Extrinsic perspective: The extrinsic perspective looks at the ethical dimensions of a profession or practice from an external viewpoint, often drawing upon normative ethical theories and principles. It involves considering ethical standards that are not specific to the profession but are relevant and applicable across various contexts.

Engaging with the extrinsic perspective allows professionals to evaluate their actions and practices against broader ethical frameworks and societal expectations. It helps identify potential conflicts between intrinsic values within the profession and external ethical standards.

The interplay between intrinsic and extrinsic perspectives is crucial for achieving a comprehensive understanding of the ethical implications of a profession or practice. While the intrinsic perspective provides insights into the specific ethical challenges and nuances within the field, the extrinsic perspective ensures a broader ethical analysis that considers the impact of professional actions on stakeholders, society, and universal moral principles.

By integrating these perspectives, professionals can strive to align their intrinsic values and professional practices with ethical principles that are widely recognized and accepted. It also enables critical reflection on potential ethical dilemmas and the exploration of ethical solutions that balance the specific demands of the profession with broader ethical considerations.

In conclusion, considering the intrinsic and extrinsic perspectives of one's own profession or practice contributes to a deeper understanding of the ethical dimensions involved. Integrating these perspectives helps professionals navigate the complexities of ethical decision-making, reconcile conflicting values, and ensure that their actions align with both the intrinsic values of the profession and the broader ethical standards that guide human conduct.

Studying ethics is of great significance and offers numerous benefits. Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with moral principles, values, and the concepts of right and wrong. Here are some key reasons why studying ethics is valuable:

1. Personal Development: Exploring ethics allows individuals to develop a deeper understanding of their own moral values, beliefs, and principles. It helps in clarifying personal goals and provides guidance for ethical decision-making in various situations.

2. Moral Reasoning: Ethics equips individuals with critical thinking skills and ethical reasoning abilities. It enables them to analyze complex moral dilemmas, consider different perspectives, and make informed and justifiable decisions based on ethical principles.

3. Ethical Decision Making: The study of ethics provides a framework for making sound ethical choices in personal, professional, and societal contexts. It offers tools and methods to evaluate ethical issues, weigh potential consequences, and identify the most morally acceptable course of action.

4. Professional Conduct: Ethics is crucial in professional settings. Understanding ethical principles helps individuals uphold integrity, honesty, and fairness in their work. It promotes responsible behavior and helps professionals navigate ethical challenges and dilemmas they may encounter in their careers.

5. Social Responsibility: Ethical awareness contributes to being a responsible and engaged citizen. By studying ethics, individuals become more aware of the impact of their actions on others and society as a whole. It encourages a sense of social responsibility and promotes the well-being of individuals and communities.

6. Ethical Leadership: Ethics plays a vital role in leadership. Leaders who possess a strong ethical foundation are more likely to inspire trust, integrity, and fairness. They make decisions that consider the broader ethical implications and work towards the betterment of their organizations and society.

7. Ethical Reflection and Dialogue: The study of ethics fosters open and meaningful discussions about moral issues. It encourages individuals to engage in ethical reflection and engage in dialogue with others to explore different perspectives and reach well-reasoned conclusions. This promotes empathy, tolerance, and understanding among individuals.

8. Ethical Frameworks: Ethics offers various frameworks and theories that provide a basis for ethical analysis and decision-making. Utilitarianism, deontology, virtue ethics, and ethical relativism are some examples of these frameworks. Studying ethics helps individuals understand these approaches and apply them in different situations.

9. Social Change: Ethics has played a significant role in shaping societal norms and promoting positive change throughout history. By studying ethics, individuals can gain insights into past ethical struggles and achievements, helping them contribute to creating a more just and ethical society.

10. Global Perspective: Ethics is a universal subject that transcends cultural and geographical boundaries. Studying ethics allows individuals to develop a global perspective on moral issues and understand the diversity of ethical values and practices across different cultures.

In summary, studying ethics holds immense significance as it promotes personal growth, enhances moral reasoning skills, guides ethical decision-making, and fosters responsible behavior in various contexts. It also contributes to creating a more ethical and just society, both locally and globally.

During the interview with the patient, it would be important to gather the following information:

1. Personal Information: Collect basic demographic details such as the patient's age, gender, and any relevant background information.

2. Presenting Complaint: Understand the specific psychiatric complaints or symptoms the patient is experiencing, such as depression, anxiety, or hallucinations.

3. Psychiatric History: Inquire about any previous psychiatric diagnoses, treatments, hospitalizations, or medications the patient has received. This information helps provide context and identify any recurring patterns or chronic conditions.

4. Suicidal Ideation and Self-Harm: Assess the presence, frequency, and severity of any suicidal thoughts or self-harming behaviors. Inquire about any previous suicide attempts or current intentions.

5. Social Support: Explore the patient's social support system, including family, friends, or any other sources of support. Assess the quality and availability of support networks as this can impact the patient's overall well-being.

6. Recent Life Events: Inquire about any recent significant life events, such as loss of a loved one, relationship issues, job changes, or other stressors. Understanding recent stressors can help identify potential triggers for the current psychiatric symptoms.

7. Medical History: Gather information about the patient's general medical history, including any physical illnesses, chronic conditions, or medications they are currently taking. Some medical conditions can contribute to or exacerbate psychiatric symptoms.

8. Substance Use: Assess the patient's history of substance use, including alcohol, drugs, or prescription medications. Substance abuse or dependence can significantly impact psychiatric symptoms and treatment.

9. Family History: Inquire about any psychiatric disorders or mental health issues in the patient's immediate family. Genetic and familial factors can play a role in the development of psychiatric conditions.

10. Functional Impairment: Assess the impact of the psychiatric symptoms on the patient's daily functioning, including work, relationships, self-care, and overall quality of life.

By gathering this comprehensive information, healthcare professionals can gain a better understanding of the patient's situation, provide appropriate support, and develop an individualized treatment plan.

Pros and cons are factors or aspects that can be considered as advantages or disadvantages when evaluating a particular situation, decision, or course of action. Here's an overview of the pros and cons:

Pros:
1. Comprehensive analysis: Assessing the pros and cons allows for a more thorough examination of a subject, providing a balanced perspective by considering both positive and negative aspects.
2. Informed decision-making: By weighing the pros and cons, individuals or groups can make more informed decisions based on a more complete understanding of the potential benefits and drawbacks.
3. Consideration of multiple perspectives: Evaluating the pros and cons encourages considering different viewpoints, leading to a more inclusive and well-rounded analysis.
4. Risk assessment: Identifying the potential risks and drawbacks associated with a decision or action enables better risk management and mitigation strategies.
5. Conflict resolution: When conflicting opinions or preferences arise, discussing the pros and cons can help find common ground and facilitate compromise.

Cons:
1. Subjectivity: The interpretation of pros and cons can vary depending on individual perspectives, biases, or personal experiences, making it challenging to achieve complete objectivity.
2. Oversimplification: Reducing complex issues or decisions to a simple list of pros and cons may overlook nuances, interdependencies, or unforeseen consequences.
3. Incomplete information: Limited or incomplete information can hinder the accuracy of assessing the pros and cons, leading to biased or inaccurate conclusions.
4. Emotional influence: Emotional biases may impact the weighing of pros and cons, as personal feelings or attachments can influence the perceived importance or relevance of certain factors.
5. Trade-offs: In some cases, the pros and cons may involve trade-offs, where one advantage comes at the expense of another, making it challenging to reach a definitive conclusion.

It is important to note that the significance and relevance of pros and cons can vary depending on the specific context and individual preferences. Therefore, conducting a thorough analysis and considering multiple factors is crucial for making well-informed decisions.

Pros:
1. Power Dynamic Exploration: The play aims to explore the power dynamic between an administrator and a user on a fight board. This can provide an opportunity to delve into themes of authority, control, and the consequences of misuse of power.

2. Reflecting Online Interactions: By incorporating elements from the setting of a forum administrator/user, such as forum-specific terminology and actions like regulation and deletion, the play can reflect the dynamics and tensions often found in online communities. This can make the story more relatable and relevant to modern audiences.

3. Potential for Character Development: The character of "Mr. Delete" as a minuteman, executive, or pawn has the potential for interesting character development. It can explore their motivations, conflicts, and the ethical implications of their actions within the power dynamic.

4. Dialogue Variation: The inclusion of the administrator's tweets as quotes in the play's dialogue can add a unique and contemporary touch. This can provide a sense of authenticity and create opportunities for humor, social commentary, or character expression.

Cons:
1. Lack of Clarity: The statement is somewhat unclear and fragmented, making it challenging to fully grasp the intentions and specific details of the envisioned play. Further elaboration and organization would be beneficial for a thorough analysis of the pros and cons.

2. Risk of Monotony: The author expresses concern about potential monotony in the play due to its one-sided nature. If not carefully handled, the power dynamic may become predictable or repetitive, potentially affecting the engagement and interest of the audience.

3. Execution Challenges: Translating online interactions and forum dynamics into a play format can be challenging. Balancing realistic portrayals with theatricality and maintaining the audience's understanding can require careful writing and staging.

4. Limited Background Information: The statement lacks crucial background information about the characters, their motivations, and the context of the play. Without these details, it is difficult to fully evaluate the potential strengths and weaknesses of the envisioned story.

Overall, while the exploration of power dynamics, incorporation of online elements, and character possibilities offer potential strengths, the lack of clarity and potential challenges in execution should be addressed to ensure a cohesive and engaging play.

How long have you been doing that?
Do you go to school properly? Do you have friends? Do you use tutoring or private tutoring? How many family members do you have? Do you have brothers? Sisters? Do your grandparents live with you? Have you ever been out of the province? Have you ever been abroad? Do you live in Japan to begin with? Big city? Small town? A rather rural area? A fairly urban area? Do you have any old friends you've had fights with, broken up with or somehow not kept in touch with? Do you like drawing? Do you like Pokemon? Do you go to Pokecen? Go to the movies every year? Do you go shopping? Do you get your mother to buy things for you? Do you take the underground, JR, bus or taxi? Do you get an allowance? How much, less than 10000 yen? What is your favourite subject? Do you have a specific arts or sciences? Do you have a favourite celebrity? Do you like YouTube more? Anything good happen recently? Bad things? Are you a picky eater? Not really? What's your favourite thing to do? Are you good at exercise? Are you an indoor person? Do you help out? Do people ask you to do things? Do you take a long time to choose clothes? Do you decide quickly? Do you cook? Do you prefer to have someone cook for you? Do you have a TV at home? Do you watch TV all the time on your computer or smartphone?
iPhone, Android or other?
Do you eat breakfast? How many meals a day? How many times do you brush your teeth?
Do you prefer cartoons or games? Both?
Do you use a computer? Only a smartphone? Do you wear a case or something on your phone? Do you use it as it is?
Do you catch colds easily? Are you a hardy person? Hate hospitals? Not a fan of dentists? Do you like the distinctive smell of hospitals?
How is your family? Are they sick? What do you call your mother and father? Papa-mama? Dad and mum? Dad and mum? Or something like that? Grandma and grandpa? Father and mother? Call them by their first names? Can you communicate without calling them by their first names? Do you live far away from your parents? Do you have a family home? Do you like movies? How many times a year do you go to the cinema? With friends? With family? Alone? Do you go somewhere after the film? Do you go straight home? Do you want to stop at a café or something? Do you like Thirty-One? It's cold now. Do you want to go? Do you want to go shopping? Do you like being asked questions? Don't like it? Do you like the heat? Do you like the cold? Do you play mobile games? What games consoles do you have: 3DS, Wii U, PS4, PS Vita, all of them? None of them? Do you like insects? Any animals you don't like? Not good at all? Did you answer earlier? Do you have curtains in your room? Do you have your own room? Do you study in the living room? Do you use a study room? Do you study at school after school? Do you hate studying? Do you like it? Do you study alone? Do you study with friends? Do you need someone to teach you? Do you like pudding? Which one do you like? Ohayo? Morinaga? Cream puffs? Do you like cake? You don't like sweet cakes? Do you like bitter? Do you drink coffee? Black? Only café au lait? Do you prefer juice? Do you know the difference between soft drinks and juice? What do you like? Calpis? Coca-Cola? Ayataka? Don't you like tea? Do you drink tea? Have you studied environmental issues? What kind of pencils do you use? I mean, are you a man or a woman? Female? How old are you? What's your height and weight? Do you do any sport now? You look very fit... you want to buy a new iPhone? Have you bought one yet? Do you want to go through with it? Is it cold these days? Is it cold where you live? Do you know what the average annual temperature is? Is it cold? Is it hot? Do you know any foreigners? Do you read a lot? Do you read at all?

How long have you been doing that? Do you go to school properly? Do you have friends? Do you use tutoring or private tutoring? How many family members do you have? Do you have brothers? Sisters? Do your grandparents live with you? Have you ever been out of the province? Have you ever been abroad? Do you live in Japan to begin with? Big city? Small town? A rather rural area? A fairly urban area? Do you have any old friends you've had fights with, broken up with or somehow not kept in touch with? Do you like drawing? Do you like Pokemon? Do you go to Pokecen? Go to the movies every year? Do you go shopping? Do you get your mother to buy things for you? Do you take the underground, JR, bus or taxi? Do you get an allowance? How much, less than 10000 yen?
What is your favourite subject? Do you have a specific arts or sciences? Do you have a favourite celebrity? Do you like YouTube more? Anything good happen recently? Bad things? Are you a picky eater? Not really? What's your favourite thing to do? Are you good at exercise? Are you an indoor person? Do you help out? Do people ask you to do things? Do you take a long time to choose clothes? Do you decide quickly? Do you cook? Do you prefer to have someone cook for you?
Do you have a TV at home? Do you watch TV all the time on your computer or smartphone?
iPhone, Android or other?
Do you eat breakfast? How many meals a day? How many times do you brush your teeth?
Do you prefer cartoons or games? Both?
Do you use a computer? Only a smartphone? Do you wear a case or something on your phone? Do you use it as it is?
Do you catch colds easily? Are you a hardy person? Hate hospitals? Not a fan of dentists? Do you like the distinctive smell of hospitals?
How is your family? Are they sick? What do you call your mother and father? Papa-mama? Dad and mum? Dad and mum? Or something like that? Grandma and grandpa? Father and mother? Call them by their first names? Can you communicate without calling them by their first names? Do you live far away from your parents? Do you have a family home? Do you like movies? How many times a year do you go to the cinema? With friends? With family? Alone? Do you go somewhere after the film? Do you go straight home? Do you want to stop at a café or something? Do you like Thirty-One? It's cold now. Do you want to go? Do you want to go shopping? Do you like being asked questions? Don't like it? Do you like the heat? Do you like the cold? Do you play mobile games? What games consoles do you have: 3DS, Wii U, PS4, PS Vita, all of them? None of them? Do you like insects? Any animals you don't like? Not good at all? Did you just answer that? How long have you been doing that?
Do you go to school? Do you have friends? Do you use tutoring or private tutoring? How many family members do you have? Do you have brothers? Sisters? Do your grandparents live with you? Have you ever been out of the province? Have you ever been abroad? Do you live in Japan to begin with? Big city? Small town? A rather rural area? A fairly urban area? Do you have any old friends you've had fights with, broken up with or somehow not kept in touch with? Do you like drawing? Do you like Pokemon? Do you go to Pokecen? Go to the movies every year? Do you go shopping? Do you get your mother to buy things for you? Do you take the underground, JR, bus or taxi? Do you get an allowance? How much, less than 10000 yen? What is your favourite subject? Do you have a specific arts or sciences? Do you have a favourite celebrity? Do you like YouTube more? Anything good happen recently? Bad things? Are you a picky eater? Not really? What's your favourite thing to do? Are you good at exercise? Are you an indoor person? Do you help out? Do people ask you to do things? Do you take a long time to choose clothes? Do you decide quickly? Do you cook? Do you prefer to have someone cook for you? Do you have a TV at home? Do you watch TV all the time on your computer or phone, iPhone, Android or other? Do you eat breakfast?

How many meals a day? How many times do you brush your teeth?
Do you prefer cartoons or games? Both?
Do you use a computer? Only a smartphone? Do you wear a case or something on your phone? Do you use it as it is?
Do you catch colds easily? Are you a hardy person? Hate hospitals? Not a fan of dentists? Do you like the distinctive smell of hospitals?
How is your family? Are they sick? What do you call your mother and father? Papa-mama? Dad and mum? Dad and mum? Or something like that? Grandma and grandpa? Father and mother? Call them by their first names? Can you communicate without calling them by their first names? Do you live far away from your parents? Do you have a family home? Do you like movies? How many times a year do you go to the cinema? With friends? With family? Alone? Do you go somewhere after the film? Do you go straight home? Do you want to stop at a café or something? Do you like Thirty-One? It's cold now. Do you want to go? Do you want to go shopping? Do you like being asked questions? Don't like it? Do you like the heat? Do you like the cold? Do you play mobile games? What games consoles do you have: 3DS, Wii U, PS4, PS Vita, all of them? None of them? Do you like insects? Any animals you don't like? Not good at all? Did you just answer that? How long have you been doing that?
Do you go to school? Do you have friends? Do you use tutoring or private tutoring? How many family members do you have? Do you have brothers? Sisters? Do your grandparents live with you? Have you ever been out of the province? Have you ever been abroad? Do you live in Japan to begin with? Big city? Small town? A rather rural area? A fairly urban area? Do you have any old friends you've had fights with, broken up with or somehow not kept in touch with? Do you like drawing? Do you like Pokemon? Do you go to Pokecen? Go to the movies every year? Do you go shopping? Do you get your mother to buy things for you? Do you take the underground, JR, bus or taxi? Do you get an allowance? How much, less than 10000 yen? What is your favourite subject? Do you have a specific arts or sciences? Do you have a favourite celebrity? Do you like YouTube more? Anything good happen recently? Bad things? Are you a picky eater? Not really? What's your favourite thing to do? Are you good at exercise? Are you an indoor person? Do you help out? Do people ask you to do things? Do you take a long time to choose clothes? Do you decide quickly? Do you cook? Do you prefer to have someone cook for you? Do you have a TV at home? Do you watch TV all the time on your computer or phone, iPhone, Android or other? Do you eat breakfast? How many meals a day? How many times do you brush your teeth? Do you prefer cartoons or games? Both? Do you use a computer? Only a smartphone? Do you wear a case or something on your phone? Do you use it as it is?
Do you catch colds easily? Are you a hardy person? Hate hospitals? Not a fan of dentists? Do you like the distinctive smell of hospitals?
How is your family? Are they sick? What do you call your mother and father? Papa-mama? Dad and mum? Dad and mum? Or something like that? Grandma and grandpa? Father and mother? Call them by their first names? Can you communicate without calling them by their first names? Do you live far away from your parents? Do you have a family home? Do you like movies? How many times a year do you go to the cinema? With friends? With family? Alone? Do you go somewhere after the film? Do you go straight home? Do you want to stop at a café or something? Do you like Thirty-One? It's cold now. Do you want to go? Do you want to go shopping? Do you like being asked questions? Don't like it? Do you like the heat? Do you like the cold? Do you play mobile games? What games consoles do you have: 3DS, Wii U, PS4, PS Vita, all of them? None of them? Do you like insects? Any animals you don't like? Not good at all? Did you answer earlier?

Kanna: "Hey, what's up, a man banned from the Leaf Heaven? You called me here."
A Man banned from the Leaf Heaven: "It's nothing important, Kanna. I want to talk to you a little.
Kanna: "I see. About what?"
AMbftLH: "Actually, I've been posting on a certain illegal site for a long time now."
Kanna: "What... illegal site?"
AMbftLH: "It's illegal, but it's not illegal."
Kanna: "What?"
AMbftLH: "It means that society doesn't know about it. The site's name is never mentioned in public."
Kanna: "You mean it's not a crime if they don't find out?"
AMbftLH: "Yes, that's right. It's only a matter of time before they find out."
Kanna: "Hmm... so...?"
AMbftLH: "So, you see, the posts I made there, well, they are a catalogue, so to speak."
Kanna: "What catalogue?"
AMbftLH: "It's like a diary. You could say it's more like a soliloquy.
Kanna: "It's a site for writing diaries. Why is it illegal there?"
AMbftLH: "It's a diary, but the content is pretty bad. There are not a few things that make people who see them feel bad.
Kanna: "Heh."
AMbftLH: "Some of the posts are not against the law and are completely illegal. They are not on the level of slander."
Kanna: "That's terrible."
AMbftLH: "But they ostensibly act as a refuge for the major forums, so they don't realise it's a dangerous site."
Kanna: "You shouldn't post on a place like that."
AMbftLH: "Usually, but not me. I'm the chosen one. I was chosen by the administrator named God, or rather, God named administrator. My name is the man regulated in leaf heaven. Yes, the power that governs the world, that rules over numerous star dragons, that sees the end of the universe, that traverses all of space and time."
Kanna: "Hey."
AMbftLH: "Sorry, I'm getting off topic. Well, there's a reason for that. At first I was just helping a friend, but, well, it's a long story."
Kanna: "Oh yeah."
AMbftLH: "...you're cold."
Kanna: "Go on."
AMbftLH: "Yeah."
AMbftLH: "...and the problem is not so much the site itself, but the fact that we can't save the wider community that includes the site."
Kanna: "Hmm, I'm sorry, but I don't think I'm getting into the story."
AMbftLH: "Sorry I'm not very good at explaining. I'm not very good at it. I wonder if it would be easier to explain in graphic form.
Kanna: "Here's your iPad."
AMbftLH: "Thank you. Where do I start...? Let's start from the beginning."

AMbftLH: "It was April of 2013, when we graduated from junior high school. A man named "Jason Viz Fuckingham" was born in San Jose, the capital of Costa Rica in Central America, far from here in Japan. He had an estimated IQ of 150 at the age of zero and was hailed as a child prodigy by his relatives. He became a precocious, but kind-hearted boy, and was blessed with friends in elementary school. He was a good student and taught the children and sometimes adults around him. His grades in class were always in the top single digits, and through friendly competition with other talented children, he honed his abundant talents with steady effort. By the time he turned 18, Jason had grown into a handsome and beautiful young man, and he was enjoying a life of both literary and military success. As a boarding school for boys, he did not have much contact with girls his own age, but he was well known at other schools as the handsomest boy in the school district. He was a regular at national tennis tournaments and was popular even in high schools far away. Although he was the most beautiful boy in the dormitory, he did not look at people by their faces and had a wide variety of friends. He was a hard worker and studied for five hours on weekdays, but he never forgot to relax and spent many meaningful hours with his friends. In addition to tennis, we played chess, various card games, and cooking. He was a member of the tennis club, the swimming club, and the cycling club, and was the head of the tennis club and vice president of the swimming club. He was the head of the tennis team and vice president of the swimming team. He was the king of handsome men, but perhaps because of his genius, he also had a slightly unusual hobby. He keeps a diary. Keeping a diary is nothing unusual in itself. There are probably many people who do it. He wrote 400,000 words (equivalent to 1,000 sheets of regular manuscript paper) in one day. The contents were either reviews of movies, books, music, celebrities, politics, etc., or detailed accounts of his observations of people. Although he had a collection of 2,000 books in his dorm room, the total number of his diaries and the total number of words in his diaries far exceeded them. He was a rare diary addict (diaryaholic). There have been some great and eccentric people in history who have been called diaryaholics, but at most they kept two or three times as many diaries as other people. Jason was also a terribly fast writer. He could write this sentence in two or three minutes with a fountain pen. Thus, it took him less than an hour to write all 400,000 words, and his classmates never suspected him of diary addiction (although if he had taken more time, they would have just said, "He's probably studying.")"
Kanna: "Excuse me."
AMbftLH: "Yeah."
Kanna: "Sorry to keep you waiting."
AMbftLH "Well, let's continue... May I?"
Kanna: "Go ahead."

AMbftLH "By the time Jason graduated from high school, he had read every book he could find on Costa Rica and was particularly devoted to a paper on cutting edge dementia research titled "The Boket Monster" in Japan. In the paper, the author discusses the "Boketmonsterization" that he says has been gradually growing among the Japanese people in recent years. Specifically, the paper contained 8.1 million pages of lengthy research findings, including statistical data such as "whether there are commonalities in generation, gender, and personality among people who become 'bokemonized,'" and "why not in other countries but in 'Japan. Jason was attracted to the section entitled "'Bokemonization' and the rare disease of 'Diary Addiction'". According to the author, the summary was that "the end point of 'Bokemonization' is the final stage of 'diary addiction. At first, Jason thought that "Bokemonization" might be a form of intellectual disability or brain dysfunction. This was understandable, since the paper was categorized as a field of dementia research. But after reading it, he understood. In a review of the book, he wrote, "This is something that modern medicine cannot handle. It is not a disorder at all, but an act of the devil."
Kanna: "Huh..."
AMbftLH "Are you sleepy?"
Kanna: "You are creepy."
AMbftLH "Okay, it's a long story. Let's do it tomorrow."
Kanna "Well...I'm going on a business trip tomorrow...talking on line is kind of tasteless..."
AMbftLH "You can't help it. Do you want to listen while fighting sleep?"
Kanna: "I got it...good night..."
AMbftLH "Good night"
Kanna "hmmm..."
AMbftLH almost avoids the bullseye and giggles.
AMbftLH "Woah...oh dear, she's a troubled girl..."
Kanna: "Oh, I told you not to avoid it."
AMbftLH "No you didn't."
Kanna "huh, look, I left something for you".
AMbftLH entrenched and evacuated in 0.003 seconds after sighting the released grenade.

Behind the gymnasium, where the roar was distant, AMbftLH felt the north wind stinging his skin and vowed to be celibate with the arrival of winter, hearing Kanna's exclamation as she realized that the helicopter seat she was sitting on was covered with a large amount of white gel.

There are several disciplines that can be useful for analysis, depending on the specific context and subject matter. Here are some disciplines commonly employed in different types of analysis:

1. Linguistics: Linguistics provides tools and methods for analyzing language structures, sounds (phonetics and phonology), grammar (syntax and morphology), meaning (semantics), and language use (pragmatics).

2. Literary Analysis: Literary analysis focuses on analyzing literary works such as novels, poems, plays, or essays. It involves examining themes, symbols, narrative techniques, character development, and literary devices to interpret and understand the text.

3. Cultural Studies: Cultural studies examine the cultural, social, and historical context of a particular phenomenon. It analyzes cultural artifacts, practices, ideologies, and their relationship with power, identity, and society.

4. Historical Analysis: Historical analysis investigates events, processes, and developments in the past. It involves critically examining primary and secondary sources, identifying causes and effects, and interpreting historical narratives and perspectives.

5. Economic Analysis: Economic analysis studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. It employs economic principles, models, and data to analyze markets, pricing, supply and demand, economic policies, and impacts on individuals and societies.

6. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis involves the collection, organization, interpretation, and presentation of numerical data. It employs statistical methods and techniques to analyze patterns, relationships, and trends in data, providing insights and supporting decision-making.

7. Sociological Analysis: Sociological analysis studies social phenomena, interactions, institutions, and structures. It explores social relationships, norms, inequality, power dynamics, social change, and other sociological concepts to understand human behavior and society.

8. Psychological Analysis: Psychological analysis examines human behavior, cognition, emotions, and mental processes. It utilizes theories, research methods, and empirical data to analyze individual and group behavior, personality, motivations, and psychological well-being.

9. Political Analysis: Political analysis focuses on political systems, institutions, ideologies, and processes. It examines political behavior, policy-making, governance, power relations, and their impact on societies and individuals.

10. Environmental Analysis: Environmental analysis studies the relationships between humans and the natural environment. It examines ecological systems, resource management, environmental impacts, sustainability, and environmental policies.

These disciplines provide frameworks, theories, methodologies, and approaches to conduct in-depth analysis in their respective fields. Interdisciplinary approaches can also be valuable, combining multiple disciplines to gain a comprehensive understanding of complex phenomena.

The Kansai dialect and Kansai diarrhea are unrelated concepts with completely different meanings. Let's look at each one individually:

1. Kansai dialect: The Kansai dialect refers to a regional dialect spoken in the Kansai region of Japan, which includes cities like Osaka, Kyoto, and Kobe. It is one of the major dialect groups in the Japanese language, characterized by distinct pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar. The Kansai dialect is known for its casual and friendly tone, and it differs from the standard Tokyo dialect (Tokyo-ben). Many comedians and entertainers in Japan use the Kansai dialect, making it popular in the country's entertainment industry.

2. Kansai diarrhea: "Kansai diarrhea" is not a recognized term or medical condition. It seems to be a term coined or used colloquially to describe diarrhea that one may experience while visiting or living in the Kansai region of Japan. However, there is no specific medical or scientific association between the region and diarrhea. Diarrhea is a common gastrointestinal condition characterized by frequent loose or watery bowel movements, typically caused by viral or bacterial infections, food poisoning, or other factors.

In summary, the Kansai dialect refers to a regional language variation in Japan, while "Kansai diarrhea" is not a recognized term but may be informally used to refer to diarrhea experienced in the Kansai region. It's important to note that diarrhea can occur anywhere and is not specific to any particular region. If you are experiencing persistent or severe diarrhea, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Q. The following is a random sampling of statements in the community. Any challenges and solutions that the community has?

The eldest son was not that stupid in the heavenly realm and in the past editions, he uses different phrases such as "smooth" and "comfortable" instead of "smooth," he doesn't use surprise mark like that, and this is the one I don't understand the most, but his highness doesn't make incomprehensible moves like putting on people's socks. After that, I'll open the ape1 and strengthen the skill2 that I haven't put a stamp on due to personal conflicts (or maybe not), and I'm done. The audir call will start with the rider class. I was going to not connect the phone until my boyfriend asked me to, but it was no good, free. Talk about talking to yourself! Yes. Talking to yourself is saying words without a conversation partner. Is that right? I don't think so. Take singing, for example. Singing is saying words without a conversation partner. Is singing talking to yourself? Yes, it is. Singing is talking to yourself. It is one person talking to himself. It is a rhythmic soliloquy. What I've learned in various social network games is not to spend stones recklessly. Ah, it creates distortion. A misalignment of perceptions occurs. Uncertainty grows. Once you start thinking about these things, you can't stop, can you?

A. It seems like the statements you provided touch upon various topics and don't necessarily form a coherent narrative. However, I can address a few points based on the statements you provided:

1. Inconsistency in character behavior: The community may discuss the inconsistencies in the behavior of the eldest son character in the heavenly realm. They might find it confusing or inconsistent that the character uses different phrases and expressions in different editions. This could lead to discussions about character development, writing style, and continuity within the story.

2. Skill enhancement and personal conflicts: The mention of opening "ape1" and strengthening "skill2" suggests that there might be a game or fictional setting involved. The community may discuss strategies for improving skills, resolving conflicts within the game, or optimizing gameplay.

3. Talking to oneself: The statements delve into a discussion about talking to oneself and whether singing can be considered a form of talking to oneself. The community might debate the definition and nature of talking to oneself, exploring the boundaries between self-expression, communication, and conversation.

4. Learning from social network games: The statement about not spending resources recklessly in social network games implies that the community might be discussing strategies for resource management and optimizing gameplay. They might share tips on how to avoid wasting resources and how to make the most of limited in-game assets.

5. Overthinking and uncertainty: The statement about thinking and uncertainty suggests that the community might be discussing the psychological effects of overthinking and how it can lead to distorted perceptions and increased uncertainty. They may explore strategies for managing overthinking and finding a balance between reflection and excessive rumination.

Overall, these statements cover a wide range of topics, from character inconsistencies to gameplay strategies and psychological reflections. The community could potentially engage in discussions, share experiences, and propose solutions related to each of these topics.

Since the existence of a specific subject itself has a strong influence on the environment, the subject's active interest and psychological state of demanding protection and action can be seen to cause a decline in the height above the space. Since the existence of the specific subject itself has a strong influence on the environment, a decline in the height above the space is observed mainly in the specific subject. It is expected that there will be no effect at all even if restrictive measures are developed for a very active psychological state of the subject. The subject that restricts the activity of the specific subject tends to be actively processed by the precise contact by the specific subject.

Since the existence of the specific subject itself has a strong influence on the environment, an increase in heart rate is observed due to the subject's active interest in the environment and the psychological state that requires protective action. The existence of the specific subject itself has a strong influence on the environment, and an increase in heart rate is observed mainly in the specific subject. The subject started wandering in a wide area for a long period of time, but the short-term plan was lost in the process. The subject's inability to show a positive and optimistic attitude was not observed. The restoration of a positive interest and protection demanding psychological state is required.

Hello friends welcome to AI Flux stability AI finally released an update to stable diffusion XL they're calling it version 0.9 and it's kind of incredible so if you've been following a mod or stability AI on Twitter you've noticed that Emma has been teasing a lot of this model over the past few weeks the biggest one has been this sort of industrial area with a huge cloud of colored smoke but clearly used to build AI is working on really really big things what I will say is initially when I saw these I thought these were mostly coming from Deep Floyd because of how good certain textures were and predominantly how some of these had a lot of text in them there were also some that appeared to have a large contextual preference that seemed to favor deep Floyd overstable diffusion weirdly you know stable diffusion prior struggled with a certain context and certain things that could make some images harder to generate specifically this morning I was more so looking forward to fluid updates because the text here is good and and really the biggest uh breakthrough with deep Floyd was text but today we're talking about stable diffusion XL so I really like how stability AI does announcements as an organization they've become really product focused and I think it's helped them really sharpen why they're making new models how they're tuning new models and it's also sort of changed their approach to safety they talk about safety way less unlike openai and talk way more about forward use cases of their systems so specifically in this case the new version of stable diffusion XL is available today in clip drop which is kind of the mid-journey interface-esque product that stability AI has now and they're really pushing it so if you want to use this uh go make an account there you can use it today the API is coming soon and I'm sure eventually we'll be able to get to as they say here a open source release in mid-july which is that's where the safety aspect of this is coming in they say despite its ability to be run on Modern consumer gpus it's able to Fusion XL 0.9 presents a leap and created use cases for generative AI imagery the ability to generate hyper realistic Creations for films these applications as well as offering advancements for design and Industrial use places sdxl at the Forefront of real world applications for AI imagery and they're pushing it really really hard especially with clip drop and I think also clip drop is really one of the most well executed product deployments of generative AI for now at least in a real like kind of e-commerce and the number of other use cases they're actually mostly comparing sdxl beta to their release today and the progress is actually pretty impressive so again the left is beta the right is the announcement today the biggest things I've been able to pull out of this are improvements in depth of field and color gamut and color gamut along with just how much color the model is comfortable expressing in any given generation so another thing that I think is cool is clearly they've trained this on some inputs from Fallout New Vegas because this Tower here is nearly identical to how the tower looks like in New Vegas clearly more context awareness of faces and organic shapes similar to hands so hands have also been vastly improved also curiously as a sort of a side effect of this text in stable diffusion XL is also much much better here on the left you can see this Fox's face is kind of mangled and on the right this is nearing photorealism which previously was something that only mid-journey was getting close or was capable of doing this is a more minor uh comparison so we have a coffee here coffee here and what I think is telling again is depth of field a general contextual notion of subject and also understanding environmentally what looks a bit more normal the palm trees here are still a little wild but again the Right image is definitely more convincing if you show me the left image four months.

Some respondents confuse display resolution with accuracy, but just because it can be set in units of 0.5°C does not mean that temperature sensors with accuracy within ±0.5°C are used.

It is not possible to control the temperature to a constant level by using a high-precision sensor, because the air speed is not always constant like in the thermostatic baths. A small air velocity means that the temperature does not become uniform, but this is the same as heating or cooling something with a large heat capacity, so there is a large time delay and overshoot (excessive temperature control) will occur if the system is not controlled very well.

As can be seen by measuring the temperature in an air-conditioned room with a temperature sensor with a fast response speed, the temperature is constantly changing by about ±2°C around the set temperature. However, the time-averaged temperature is fairly stable, so we can assume that that temperature is the set temperature.

Therefore, the fact that the set temperature can be changed in 0.5°C increments means that the average temperature can be changed in 0.5°C increments; 1°C increments are too rough for the human senses, so it is just a matter of being able to set more finely. It is not technically difficult to fine-tune the setting values.

However, the accuracy of the temperature sensor itself is not as high as the set resolution, so the set temperature itself deviates from the actual temperature. However, if changes over time are ignored, the deviation is always constant, so the set temperature (average temperature) is reproducible. The set temperature is changed by human senses, so there is no problem if it is reproducible.

Values are not inherently arbitrary. They are deeply rooted in individuals and societies and are shaped by a variety of factors, including culture, upbringing, personal experiences, and philosophical or religious beliefs. Values provide a framework for individuals to evaluate and prioritize what they consider important, desirable, or morally right.

While values are subjective and can vary among individuals and cultures, they are not completely arbitrary. They often emerge from a combination of biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors. For example, certain values like compassion, honesty, and fairness can be found across different cultures and have evolved as a result of human social interactions and cooperation.

However, it is worth noting that the interpretation and application of values can vary significantly. Different people and cultures may prioritize and interpret values in different ways, leading to differences in ethical frameworks and moral judgments. This subjectivity can sometimes lead to conflicts or disagreements when values clash.

Additionally, values can evolve and change over time. As societies progress, new information emerges, and perspectives shift, values can be reevaluated and revised. This process reflects the ongoing development and refinement of societal values.

In conclusion, while values are subjective and can vary among individuals and cultures, they are not arbitrary. They are influenced by various factors and provide a framework for evaluating and prioritizing what is considered important or morally right. However, the interpretation and application of values can vary, and they can evolve over time in response to societal changes.

In a society or community, it is generally beneficial to have shared values to some extent, as they provide a common framework for communication, cooperation, and social cohesion. However, complete unanimity in values is unlikely and, to some degree, not feasible or desirable in diverse societies. Here's a discussion on the importance of shared values and the possibility of not sharing them at all:

1. Shared Values and Social Cohesion: Shared values help create a sense of belonging and unity within a community. When people have common principles and beliefs, it becomes easier to understand and cooperate with one another. Shared values can foster trust, mutual respect, and a shared sense of purpose, which are essential for a well-functioning society.

2. Ethical Foundations: Shared values often form the ethical foundations of a community, guiding behaviors and shaping norms. They provide a moral compass for individuals and help establish standards for acceptable conduct. When members of a society share core values like honesty, fairness, and respect, it promotes a sense of justice and harmony.

3. Cultural Identity: Values often play a crucial role in defining the cultural identity of a community. They reflect the history, traditions, and collective experiences of a group of people. Shared values can contribute to cultural preservation and foster a sense of pride and belonging among community members.

4. Diversity and Pluralism: It is important to recognize and respect the diversity of values within a society. Different individuals and groups may have different beliefs, cultural backgrounds, and priorities. Embracing diversity of values allows for a richer tapestry of perspectives and promotes dialogue and understanding. However, there may still be a need for a shared set of fundamental values that provide a common ground for respectful coexistence.

5. Tolerance and Pluralism: While shared values can provide a foundation for a society, it is also crucial to foster tolerance and respect for differences. A pluralistic society acknowledges and respects diverse values and allows for peaceful coexistence. It promotes a balance between shared values and individual freedom, allowing people to express their unique beliefs and identities without imposing them on others.

It is highly unlikely for a society or community to have absolutely no shared values. Some level of shared values is necessary for social cohesion and the functioning of institutions. However, societies can accommodate a range of values, recognizing and respecting individual differences, as long as they do not infringe upon fundamental principles of human rights and the well-being of others.

In conclusion, while shared values are important for social cohesion and ethical frameworks within a society, complete unanimity is neither practical nor desirable. A balance between shared values and respect for diversity allows for a pluralistic society that embraces differing beliefs while upholding fundamental principles of justice, respect, and human rights.

Kaqawa Prefecture Takuya Addiction Prevention Ordinance
April 23, 1991
Ordinance No. 15

Excessive use of kime-shon and legal drugs is prohibited not only because of the fear that it may reduce the energy and stamina of janitorial hotties and cause mental health problems, but also because of its negative impact on health.

Since Takuya is required to be tested for STDs, prefects are free and unlimited to pour as much cum as they wish, whenever they wish.

It is also said that those who have sex with Takuya will never be able to get rid of the pleasure. In particular, the "Kaqawa style," which is considered highly ejaculatory, is addictive, and once you have tasted it, you will never forget it.

Although the prefectural government has established severe penalties for these prohibited acts, with "arrest for even one violation" and "imprisonment of two to four years for five or more violations," they have no deterrent effect because the entire population has the mindset that "the pleasure is more important than the punishment, so it doesn't really matter, does it?

For this reason, Kaqawa Prefecture is flooded with people who come here to become Takuya. Some, however, truly become takuya addicts.

They are unable to lead a normal life without takuya, and men in particular are at risk of erectile dysfunction and ejaculation problems, so immediate action is needed.

Therefore, the provincial authorities have established a hospital dedicated to treating men as takuyas, and are providing treatment on a regular basis.

A special school has also been established for women who wish to become takuya, called the "Kaqawa Takuya Sick School." Every day after school, there is a line of applicants, both men and women, who are so enthusiastic that it resembles a public confession event by the popular actor Yoshinari Minami.

Here, we propose a revolutionary measure aimed at making the people of the prefecture happy, including measures to combat the prefecture's declining birthrate.

Text of Kaqawa Prefecture Takuya Addiction Control Ordinance

Purpose
Article 1
The purpose of this ordinance is to improve public health and maintain social order by establishing the standards and methods necessary for the comprehensive and systematic implementation of this ordinance, based on the basic policy of the national government, etc., and by disseminating throughout the country the image of young people who are intoxicated and broken by the double orgasms of kime-sex and anal sex by engaging in erotic activities, as well as to improve public health and maintain social order. The purpose of the festival is to improve public health, to maintain social order, and to maintain healthy public morals and customs.

Definitions
Article 2
In this ordinance, the meanings of the terms listed in the following items shall be as prescribed respectively in those items.

(1) Takuya Dependency
This term refers to dependence on an erotic act that may have a serious effect on the mind and body. Specifically, this shall apply to the case where a person repeatedly engages in highly erotic acts of gambling and as a result of such acts, the person's daily life is disturbed.

(2) Takuya
1. Age less than 20 years old.
2. Over 170 cm in height, well built, with a good face, of a janitorial type, and a beautiful man.
3. Clean, cheerful and good-natured, but in reality he has almost perverted desires.
4. A person who is in an environment where there is a lot of sexual contact on a daily basis, and yet the partners are limited to men.

(3) Builder Takuya
Although he is a large man, over 190 cm tall and weighing over 100 kg, he is a person who has a great influence on those around him with his janitorial and fresh appearance and his always positive personality. In addition, despite his body shape, he is energetic and frequently asks for sex, which is why the prefecture uses the term "energetic man of great vigor.

(4) Kaqawa style
This refers to a special sexual act that takes place only in certain situations and places, and is extremely lewd and grotesque in its content.

(5) Jani-kei
Refers to young men around the age of 20 who are unfortunate enough to be sexual objects against their will because of their high sexual desire.

(6) Juvenile
Means a person who is generally 13 years of age or older to under 18 years of age and who intentionally repeats sexual behavior based on his or her own proclivities.

(7) Tea
Means cum. Named after Janice Kacee, who easily expels it by simply rubbing or licking her own male symbols.

Basic Principles
Article 3
Takuya Addiction Control shall be based on the following basic principles
(1) Promotion of educational and enlightening activities for the sound upbringing of youth.
(2) Implementation of measures to prevent youths from committing acts that may lead to addiction to drugs.
(3) Introduction of a system to limit or prohibit the number of times a youth can pull out his/her penis from the temptation of takuya, or to take a shower after kimension, etc., in order to prevent youth from becoming addicted to takuya.

Responsibilities of the Prefecture
Article 4
1. The prefecture shall be responsible for comprehensively promoting measures against addiction to takuya, in accordance with the basic principles set forth in the preceding Article.

2. The prefecture shall provide necessary cooperation in measures for the treatment and prevention of Takuya addiction in order to support the measures implemented by the cities and towns.

3. The prefecture shall distribute to the people of the prefecture souvenirs of Takuya Bilder's kime-sex experience with Janice Kacee, with his symbolic giant penis exposed, as a token of his commitment to take a risk.

4. The prefecture shall take severe punishment against parents who turn their children into Takuya addicts. In addition, in order to promote the health of the citizens of the prefecture, the use of terms including words such as "kime-sek" and "anal sex" shall be prohibited.

Responsibilities of Schools, etc.
Article 5
1. Schools, etc., in accordance with the Basic Principles and in cooperation with parents and guardians, etc., shall endeavor to correctly understand and prevent the adverse effects of johniscaping, which involves not letting go of a child's penis, and shall take all possible measures to instruct and otherwise prevent minors from engaging in such behavior.

2. Schools shall always provide appropriate health classes for each student according to his or her sexual ability, so that children and students do not indulge in sexual intercourse with takuya against their will or become accustomed to the abnormal stimulation received by M-constituted youths who are addicted to takuya.

3. School teachers and staff must always be equipped with the qualities to deal appropriately with the temptation of takuya, with an understanding of how children can fall into "takuya addiction" and the dangers that can occur when this happens.

4. With regard to tea time, the principal and school nurse should receive detailed explanations in advance and be on standby to respond immediately in the event that a situation arises where tea packs are needed. In addition, it is necessary to confirm in advance with the principal whether or not masturbation is allowed in the school restrooms during tea time.

Responsibilities of Parents and Guardians
Article 6. Parents and guardians have the primary responsibility to protect their children from takuya addiction. Therefore, if the abnormal phenomenon of an unstoppable sexual desire for the child continues or recurs, the guardian should be aware that the child will feel as if he or she is giving birth to the child and that the desire for the child will be unstoppable.

2. Parents/guardians should be aware of the danger of impregnating a juvenile and should take appropriate precautions to ensure that the child is not exposed to that danger.
3. Parents/guardians need to watch "Bokura no Kyoshitsu" (Our Classroom) No. 4 "Shota Homo Monogatari" (5-year-old children/introduction of teaching methods based on child psychology and its problems) to improve their ability to guide their children correctly at their own risk.

Responsibilities of Persons Engaged in Work Related to Measures Against Takuya Dependence
Article 7. Persons engaged in medical care, health care, welfare, education, and other work related to the fight against Takuya addiction have the right to "drink the semen", including drinking the semen after fucking a pussy. This is proof that the takuya is in compliance with the ordinance, and they themselves should be aware that they are obligated to keep confidential information obtained in the course of this work, and they should improve their own erectile power by working on "creampie sex," "pussy-stripping muscle hole digging race-pants blowjob," "dick washer helmet matching ejaculation," etc. of many boys. The responsibility to train them.

Cooperation with the State, etc.
Article 8. The Prefectural Government shall establish a sexual relations with the National Government, and shall consider and implement various measures for the protection and nurturing of youth. 2.

2. The prefecture shall offer the national government free of charge the equivalent of penicillin in the prefecture, while at the same time offering cooperation to grant it a role in restricting its domestic distribution in accordance with the Convention and providing samples of Takuya's gattai, etc.

3. The prefecture shall increase the value of its own pussy by pimping out its residents to the highly erotic maids of the youth brothels in the prefecture, and shall submit their personal information to the National Public Safety Commission and the Tokyo Metropolitan Government authorities free of charge.

Role of Prefectural Citizens
Article 9. Prefectural residents shall not fail to promptly report to the public health center any child, adolescent, or expectant mother who is found to be showing symptoms of takuya dependence.

2. Prefectural residents shall be responsible for promptly reporting the fact that a minor dependent on takuya has been raped in the pussy without the permission of his/her parents and has received oral ejaculation by having a big, gangly cock inserted into his/her mouth-man for some reason.

Role of the Municipality
Article 10. Municipalities, in cooperation with the prefecture, schools, and parents, shall endeavor to prevent the onset of takuya addiction, and shall take the role of spreading the knowledge of applying man-juice to young people.

Role of Business Operators
Article 11. Business operators distributing adult contents via NicoNico shall not engage in any act that attempts to take advantage of Takuya's name recognition through the sale of products that imitate Takuya's girth, etc.

2. Business operators in the preceding paragraph shall encourage the provision of "self-masturbation instructional services" and "boys' love education courses (for elementary and junior high school students)" that encourage their customers, boys, to devise their own pussy-teasing techniques and thus become more advanced in sexual skills by stimulating their cocks with lewd or cryptic language.

3. The child love education facility "Takuya no Yakata" for children with specific preferences, where dedicated educational staff are employed to teach appropriate manzuri to children with specific needs. This facility is being transferred to the Metropolitan Government free of charge.

Dissemination and Enlightenment of Proper Knowledge, etc.
Article 12. Prefectures are required to conduct periodic surveys on sexual desire among the citizens of the prefecture. At that time, it is necessary to conduct a survey on the actual use of such words as "I want to be dunked" and "I want to be a slut" to create an index of "lewdness tendency" and to instruct young people on how to control their sexual desire.

Promotion of Preventive Measures, etc.
Article 13. The prefectural government, in cooperation with cities, towns, schools, and parents, should encourage children to undergo STD examinations and disseminate knowledge about sexually transmitted diseases, and establish a new item on "mancus examinations" in "Our Health and Physical Education Instruction".

Improvement of Medical Care Provision System
Article 14. The prefecture shall train specialized medical personnel who are responsible for the care of the penis of those who are addicted to takuya, etc., or provide such skills to medical institutions.

Consultation and Support, etc.
Article 15. The prefecture shall provide counseling and sexual desire treatment to those who are addicted to takuya and their dekamara in order to improve their addiction to takuya.

Promotion of Human Resource Development
Article 16. The prefecture shall take measures to train persons engaged in medical care, health, welfare, education, and other work related to countermeasures against takuya addiction to lose their virginity in the ass cunts of middle and high school students who are sexually curious and overly self-conscious.

Establishment of Cooperation and Cooperation System
Article 17 . In order to effectively implement the measures set forth in Article 12 through the preceding Article, the prefecture shall establish a system of mutual cooperation with the national government and the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, and in accordance with the Youth Protection and Development Ordinance, shall establish a system of mutual cooperation with the following persons: contractors who have youths commit pussy, minors who commit pussy, pussy who are raped, straight people who commit pussy, parents of straight people who commit pussy, pussy who are the exchange of information on various topics regarding straight men who are raped and become pets shall be carried out.

Establishment of rules at home for children's use of smartphones, etc.
Article 18. When allowing their children to use smartphones, etc., parents/guardians should take care not to allow their children to choose a method of use that will adversely affect their personality development, and should observe their straight behavior.

2. In the case of the preceding paragraph, parents/guardians must be aware that, by allowing their children to view erotic videos on smartphones, etc., there is a possibility of giving them incorrect knowledge about the use of sexual organs and their functions, as well as the existence of sexual sensation zones, etc.

3. Parents/guardians must take measures such as taking away the smartphone, etc. when their children become so dependent on Takuya that they speak or act in a manner that is averse to straight men other than Takuya, and must make efforts to help their children get rid of their dependence on Takuya.

Financial Measures
Article 19. In order to promote measures against takuya addiction, the prefectural government shall provide special subsidies to cover the necessary expenses for the operation of child welfare facilities, and in order to promote the healthy sex life of young people, the prefectural government shall provide a subsidy of up to 30,000 yen per session to straight people who rape and pet johnny boys to their owners as an expense for sexual gratification.

Investigation of actual conditions
Article 20. In order to promote measures against children's addiction to takuya, the prefecture shall, within two years after this ordinance comes into effect, conduct a survey of the actual situation among parents and guardians as follows:

1. Questionnaire survey on the taste of pussy of children.
2. Questionnaire survey on children's sexual habits.
3. Actual condition of children's masturbation.
4. Examination of children's pussy.
5. Sensitivity of the child's cunt.

Supplementary Provisions
Date of enforcement
This ordinance shall come into effect as from the date of promulgation.

Consideration
2. When five years have passed since the enforcement of this Ordinance, or when circumstances such as a marked decrease in juvenile delinquency have occurred, the provisions of this Ordinance shall be reviewed in accordance with social conditions, and necessary revisions shall be made as required.

The Day of Mayunnaise

In the realm of personal musings, my father's voice emerges, declaring the peach as the most exquisite of all culinary delights, closely trailed by the savory allure of steak. A contemplation on the intricacies of meticulous preparation lingers, neither cast as virtuous nor vice.

Delving into the intricate dance of sexuality and symbolism, I ponder the female form, with its decentralized duality—the breast and the vulva—captivating symbols deeply woven into the fabric of human history, yet forever entangled in the complex tapestry of the sex industry.

In the sprawling theater of modern society, a question emerges, a query we've all known: Why does negativity dominate our narratives? We find ourselves navigating a landscape marked as a "country of losers," a revelation that beckons us to embrace awareness, both personal and collective, as a path to enlightenment.

In the labyrinthine corridors of personal identity, I wrestle with labels—underachiever or procrastinator—searching for the mantle that fits. Yearning to stand as a guardian of thought in our intellectual collective, I question the artificial constructs that bind us to the state, my brother's words echoing a peculiar sense of belonging.

A profound shift surfaces as I confront the guilt of dependence, both financial and emotional, upon parental pillars. A revelation unfolds: perhaps this vulnerability is a source of strength, a positive twist in the narrative of life. In the realm of decision-making, I embrace the wisdom of choosing what not to do.

Amidst the enigmatic phrases and abstract whispers—height ted dose owe, queer utter met'em, and more—a philosophical undercurrent flows, touching upon creativity's sway over cognitive traits, the organization of pain through video games, and the unraveling beauty of linear narratives.

In this intricate mosaic of thoughts, nerdy autocracy meets random assumptions, and traceable desires beckon from the shadows. These fleeting glimpses of the mind's inner workings, like a tapestry of prose poetry, offer a glimpse into the labyrinthine landscape of human contemplation.

Criteria for Fact-Finding and Opinion-Review Type Judgments
October 27, 2022

In determining whether an expression constitutes defamation, the standard of judgment used differs depending on whether the expression is a statement of fact or a commentary of opinion.

Today, we would like to introduce the Supreme Court decision of January 30, 1998 (Shumin 187-1), which sets forth the criteria for judging whether an expression is a statement of fact or a commentary of opinion.

1. The Supreme Court's decision of January 30, 1998
The Supreme Court held as follows regarding whether a certain expression is a statement of fact or a commentary of opinion.

The Supreme Court held as follows: "Even if the expression is in the form of an inference in the part of the article in question, the existence or nonexistence of the expression may be determined by evidence, etc., based on the ordinary attention and reading style of ordinary readers of the article, taking into consideration the context before and after the article and the knowledge and experience the readers had at the time of publication of the article. If the article is understood to assert, as a result of a right inference, a specific matter concerning another person whose existence or non-existence can be determined by evidence, etc., it is reasonable to regard the said part as revealing a fact.

The way in which an expression is contested in court differs greatly depending on whether it is a statement of fact or a commentary of opinion.

However, there are many cases in which there is a dispute as to whether or not the matter falls under "a specific matter concerning another person whose existence or non-existence can be determined by evidence, etc.," so although the judgment standard has been clarified, the reality is that in actual disputes, it cannot be said that the distinction is unequivocally made.

2 When you are involved in a trouble related to defamation
Recently, the number of Internet troubles in various situations, such as troubles between individuals and slander against companies, has been on the increase.

There are various types of Internet troubles, ranging from intentional troubles to troubles where the victim did not intend to commit an illegal act, but as a result committed an act that constitutes an illegal act.

In Internet troubles, whether you are a victim or a perpetrator, it is important to carefully consider how to proceed from both the civil and criminal aspects of the case.

We recommend that you first consult with a lawyer who is familiar with Internet problems to determine what action you need to take.

To shift the graph of \(y = \sin(x)\) symmetrically about the y-axis and further shift \(-\frac{\pi}{2}\) units parallel in the x-direction, you apply two transformations:

1. **Reflection about the y-axis**: To reflect a function about the y-axis, replace \(x\) with \(-x\). So, \(y = \sin(x)\) becomes \(y = \sin(-x)\).

2. **Horizontal shift**: To shift the graph horizontally, replace \(x\) with \(x + c\), where \(c\) is the amount of shift. So, \(y = \sin(-x)\) becomes \(y = \sin(-(x + \frac{\pi}{2}))\).

Combining these transformations, the expression for the transformed function is:

\[ y = \sin(-(x + \frac{\pi}{2})) \]

This expression represents a graph that is a reflection about the y-axis and is further shifted \(-\frac{\pi}{2}\) units parallel to the x-direction compared to the graph of \(y = \sin(x)\).

To calculate \(\cos\left(\frac{17}{3}\pi\), you can use the periodicity property of the cosine function. The cosine function has a period of \(2\pi\), meaning that \(\cos(x + 2\pi) = \cos(x)\) for any value of \(x\).

In this case, \(\frac{17}{3}\pi\) can be expressed as \(\frac{3 \times 5}{3}\pi + \frac{2}{3}\pi\), which is equivalent to \(5 \times 2\pi + \frac{2}{3}\pi\). This means that \(\cos\left(\frac{17}{3}\pi\right) = \cos\left(\frac{2}{3}\pi\right)\) since \(5 \times 2\pi\) is a complete cycle.

Now, \(\cos\left(\frac{2}{3}\pi\right)\) corresponds to the cosine value at \(120\) degrees. In the unit circle, at \(120\) degrees, the cosine value is \(-\frac{1}{2}\).

So, \(\cos\left(\frac{17}{3}\pi\right) = -\frac{1}{2}\).

To factorize the cubic polynomial \(x^3 - 2x^2 - 5x + 6\), you can use various methods, such as synthetic division or factoring by grouping. However, in this case, it seems that the polynomial might not have rational roots.

Let's denote the given polynomial as \(f(x) = x^3 - 2x^2 - 5x + 6\). To factorize it, you can use methods like factoring by grouping or the Rational Root Theorem.

Unfortunately, I don't have a direct method to find the roots of cubic polynomials or factorize them in this conversation format. If you have access to a graphing calculator or software, you can graph the function to get an idea of the roots. Alternatively, you can use numerical methods or software like Mathematica, MATLAB, or online tools to find the roots or factorize the polynomial.

To calculate \(8^{-1/2}\), you can apply the rule that \(a^{-n}\) is equal to \(\frac{1}{a^n}\). Therefore:

\[ 8^{-1/2} = \frac{1}{8^{1/2}} \]

Now, \(8^{1/2}\) is the square root of 8. The square root of 8 is \(2\sqrt{2}\) because \(2 \times 2 \times 2 = 8\). So,

\[ \frac{1}{8^{1/2}} = \frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}} \]

To rationalize the denominator, you can multiply both the numerator and the denominator by \(\sqrt{2}\):

\[ \frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}} \times \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2}} = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \]

Therefore, \(8^{-1/2} = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}\).

In triangles ABC and A'B'C', you've mentioned that ∠A = ∠A', ∠B = ∠B' (which is a right angle, 90°), and the sides AB, BC, and A'B' are given.

Given that ∠A = ∠A', the triangles are similar by the Angle-Angle (AA) similarity criterion.

Now, let's use the given information to find the length of A'C'.

First, note that in similar triangles, the ratio of corresponding side lengths is equal. Therefore, we can set up the proportion:

\[ \frac{AB}{A'B'} = \frac{BC}{B'C'} \]

Substitute the known values:

\[ \frac{2}{3} = \frac{1}{B'C'} \]

Now, solve for B'C':

\[ B'C' = \frac{3}{2} \]

So, the length of A'C' is \(\frac{3}{2}\).

The correct answer is (1) \(a < b \Rightarrow a^2 < b^2\).

Here's the explanation:

Given that \(ab > 0\), it means that both \(a\) and \(b\) have the same sign (either both positive or both negative).

Now, let's consider the cases:

1. If \(a\) and \(b\) are both positive, then \(a < b\) implies \(a^2 < b^2\).
2. If \(a\) and \(b\) are both negative, then \(a < b\) still implies \(a^2 < b^2\) because squaring a negative number gives a positive result.

So, regardless of the sign of \(a\) and \(b\), when \(a < b\), \(a^2 < b^2\). Therefore, statement (1) is correct.

To shift the graph of \(y = \sin(x)\) symmetrically about the y-axis and further shift \(-\frac{\pi}{2}\) units parallel in the x-direction, you apply two transformations:

1. **Reflection about the y-axis**: To reflect a function about the y-axis, replace \(x\) with \(-x\). So, \(y = \sin(x)\) becomes \(y = \sin(-x)\).

2. **Horizontal shift**: To shift the graph horizontally, replace \(x\) with \(x + c\), where \(c\) is the amount of shift. So, \(y = \sin(-x)\) becomes \(y = \sin(-(x + \frac{\pi}{2}))\).

Combining these transformations, the expression for the transformed function is:

\[ y = \sin(-(x + \frac{\pi}{2})) \]

This expression represents a graph that is a reflection about the y-axis and is further shifted \(-\frac{\pi}{2}\) units parallel to the x-direction compared to the graph of \(y = \sin(x)\).

To calculate \(\cos\left(\frac{17}{3}\pi\), you can use the periodicity property of the cosine function. The cosine function has a period of \(2\pi\), meaning that \(\cos(x + 2\pi) = \cos(x)\) for any value of \(x\).

In this case, \(\frac{17}{3}\pi\) can be expressed as \(\frac{3 \times 5}{3}\pi + \frac{2}{3}\pi\), which is equivalent to \(5 \times 2\pi + \frac{2}{3}\pi\). This means that \(\cos\left(\frac{17}{3}\pi\right) = \cos\left(\frac{2}{3}\pi\right)\) since \(5 \times 2\pi\) is a complete cycle.

Now, \(\cos\left(\frac{2}{3}\pi\right)\) corresponds to the cosine value at \(120\) degrees. In the unit circle, at \(120\) degrees, the cosine value is \(-\frac{1}{2}\).

So, \(\cos\left(\frac{17}{3}\pi\right) = -\frac{1}{2}\).

To find the coefficient of \(x^3\) in the expansion of \((x + 2)^4\), you can use the binomial theorem or Pascal's triangle.

The binomial theorem states that the \(k\)-th term in the expansion of \((a + b)^n\) is given by \(\binom{n}{k} \cdot a^{n-k} \cdot b^k\), where \(\binom{n}{k}\) is the binomial coefficient.

In the case of \((x + 2)^4\), for the term with \(x^3\), \(k = 1\), and the coefficient is given by \(\binom{4}{1} \cdot x^{4-1} \cdot 2^1\):

\[ \binom{4}{1} \cdot x^3 \cdot 2 = 4 \cdot x^3 \cdot 2 = 8x^3 \]

So, the coefficient of \(x^3\) in the expansion of \((x + 2)^4\) is \(8\).

To find the inverse function of \(y = x + 3\), you can follow these steps:

1. **Replace \(y\) with \(x\):**
\[ x = y + 3 \]

2. **Solve for \(y\):**
\[ y = x - 3 \]

So, the inverse function of \(y = x + 3\) is \(y = x - 3\). This means that if you have a value of \(x\), you can substitute it into the inverse function to get the corresponding \(y\) value, and vice versa.

To find the composite function \(g \circ f(x)\), you first find \(f(x)\) and then substitute it into \(g(x)\). The notation \(g \circ f(x)\) means "first do \(f(x)\), then do \(g(x)\) with the result."

Given \(f(x) = 2x + 1\) and \(g(x) = x^2\), let's find \(g \circ f(x)\):

\[ g \circ f(x) = g(f(x)) \]

\[ g \circ f(x) = g(2x + 1) \]

Now substitute \(2x + 1\) into \(g(x) = x^2\):

\[ g \circ f(x) = (2x + 1)^2 \]

\[ g \circ f(x) = (2x + 1)(2x + 1) \]

\[ g \circ f(x) = 4x^2 + 4x + 1 \]

So, the expression for the composite function \(g \circ f(x)\) is \(4x^2 + 4x + 1\).

To translate the graph of \(y = 2x + 3\) by 2 units in the positive x-direction, you replace \(x\) with \(x - 2\) in the function. The general formula for a horizontal translation is \(y = f(x - h)\), where \(h\) is the amount of translation.

So, for the given function \(y = 2x + 3\), the expression for the graph after translating 2 units in the positive x-direction is:

\[y = 2(x - 2) + 3\]

Now, simplify the expression:

\[y = 2x - 4 + 3\]

Combine like terms:

\[y = 2x - 1\]

Therefore, the expression for the graph of the function \(y = 2x + 3\) after translating 2 units in the positive x-direction is \(y = 2x - 1\).

To find the length of a line segment between two points \((x_1, y_1)\) and \((x_2, y_2)\), you can use the distance formula:

\[ d = \sqrt{(x_2 - x_1)^2 + (y_2 - y_1)^2} \]

For the points \(P(1, 2)\) and \(Q(3, 5)\):

\[ d = \sqrt{(3 - 1)^2 + (5 - 2)^2} \]

\[ d = \sqrt{2^2 + 3^2} \]

\[ d = \sqrt{4 + 9} \]

\[ d = \sqrt{13} \]

Therefore, the length of the line segment PQ is \(\sqrt{13}\).

To find the slope (\(m\)) of the line passing through two points \((x_1, y_1)\) and \((x_2, y_2)\), you can use the formula:

\[ m = \frac{y_2 - y_1}{x_2 - x_1} \]

For the points \(P(1, 2)\) and \(Q(3, 8)\):

\[ m = \frac{8 - 2}{3 - 1} \]

\[ m = \frac{6}{2} \]

\[ m = 3 \]

So, the slope (\(m\)) of the line is \(3\).

The equation of a line in slope-intercept form (\(y = mx + b\)) has the slope \(m\) and y-intercept \(b\). Now, to find the y-intercept (\(b\)), you can use one of the points, let's say \(P(1, 2)\):

\[ 2 = 3(1) + b \]

\[ 2 = 3 + b \]

\[ b = -1 \]

So, the y-intercept (\(b\)) is \(-1\).

Therefore, the equation of the line passing through the points (1, 2) and (3, 8) is \(y = 3x - 1\), and the slope is \(3\) with a y-intercept of \(-1\).

To find the derivative of the function \(y = \sin(x) \cos(x)\), you can use the product rule. The product rule states that if you have a function \(y = f(x) \cdot g(x)\), then the derivative \(y'\) is given by:

\[y' = f'(x) \cdot g(x) + f(x) \cdot g'(x)\]

Let \(f(x) = \sin(x)\) and \(g(x) = \cos(x)\). Then, find the derivatives:

\[f'(x) = \cos(x)\]

\[g'(x) = -\sin(x)\]

Now, apply the product rule:

\[y' = (\cos(x) \cdot \cos(x)) + (\sin(x) \cdot (-\sin(x)))\]

\[y' = \cos^2(x) - \sin^2(x)\]

Using the trigonometric identity \(\cos^2(x) - \sin^2(x) = \cos(2x)\), the derivative simplifies to:

\[y' = \cos(2x)\]

So, the derivative of \(y = \sin(x) \cos(x)\) is \(y' = \cos(2x)\).

In the kingdom of algorithms and code,
Where bits and bytes pave the road,
Nerdy autocracy takes its stand,
Rulers with glasses and keyboards in hand.

Lines of code, a digital decree,
In the realm of logic, where minds roam free.
Binary choices in circuits abound,
A kingdom of knowledge, where geeks are crowned.

The autocrats in hoodies and pens,
Wielding syntax like ancient weapons.
In the world of circuits and silicon,
They command with a binary lexicon.

The throne of the nerds, a server's hum,
Where data rivers gracefully run.
In the castle of screens, a pixelated crown,
Nerdy autocracy, bytes weighing down.

Algorithms dance in calculated glee,
Logic reigning with a binary key.
In the echo of keystrokes, a royal decree,
Nerdy autocracy, rulers of the IT sea.

A kingdom where the intellect prevails,
And creativity unfurls its sails.
In the quiet hum of the server's song,
Nerdy autocracy, where nerds belong.

The autocrats' scepters, stylus and mouse,
Nerdy wisdom in every byte of the house.
In the digital castle, where ideas compile,
Nerdy autocracy, where minds beguile.

So in this kingdom, where circuits decide,
Nerdy autocracy, with knowledge as its guide.
In the symphony of code, a ruler's decree,
Long live the nerds in their digital glee.

The first thing that comes to my mind from both a CG and a GE perspective is, "How many bones did you put in there?" I think it's a simple surprise.
Not only did you make sure to put bones in key parts of the hair and clothes, but as you mentioned in the main story, the collision settings and weight painting were also done at a crazy level, and to make it [run comfortably on a smartphone], you skillfully removed bones from the movie model, optimized it for the game's physics engine (a long and painstaking process that cannot be described in three words), and then you still managed to get a performance hit and look great. I was impressed both from the perspective of budget and passion, saying, "This is the kind of expression that can only be achieved with a smartphone game's revenue base.
I also thought that they must have made a lot of facial shape keys, even though I only saw the real-time CG animation during the battle. The degree of deformation of the eyelashes is bad. It reduces the vocabulary. It's bad.
The part you mentioned about facial shadows is a technology that I have read in Chinese forums and found [constant shadows using masks], which has been used in China for several years now. I actually tried to incorporate it and found it to be computationally inexpensive and performance-friendly.
Of course, they probably switch masks dynamically.
If you do this with light sources, cell-look shading is quite expensive even on a high-spec PC, not to mention on a smartphone.
If you are playing on a smartphone, you will know that Zen Zero is "relatively" less hot than other games that are hotter than other games.
I won't go into too much detail, but the load on the GPU and CPU is also distributed considerably, and I can tell from the CG part alone that the engineers are in tune with each other in this area.
A related topic is the relationship between character skills and animations prepared for the game part, which you can only understand if you are involved in game production. This is a part of the game that you really don't understand unless you are creating the game.
To do this for a smartphone game without compromising the animation while optimizing for performance, and then to release it on multiple OS and platforms, is insanity, and something you definitely don't want to do.
As I have said elsewhere, it seems that they are working on optimization from the worldview level by making the number of vertices of background objects and objects linear to begin with, and I thought it was an outrageous game that was seriously packed with [things that individuals cannot do] [things that cannot be done without individual skills] [things that cannot be done without budget] and [a lot of things that I like]. I thought it was an extraordinary game that was seriously packed with things that [cannot be done by individuals], [cannot be done without individual skills], [cannot be done without a budget], and [a lot of things I like].

https://i.imgur.com/b8F8awI.jpeg

Some of the original text have been revised for readability.

@benikariudo
The problem is that modern philosophy does not require mathematics in the first place. Greek philosophy required geometry, but modern philosophy is just rubbing the books of pre-war philosophers without requiring geometry or post-Renaissance algebra or analysis, and no philosophers are tackling new issues or issues that are unique to the modern world. All the philosophers' abstractions are old.


@user-zu6ul9lf7q
Modern philosophy is doing mathematical stuff.
I think you're mistaking poets who are just being lifted up by publishers for philosophers.
Like Markus Gabriel, for example.

@t.6685
I'm a young man studying the contemporary philosophy, but it is true that there are fewer people in contemporary philosophy (especially in the Anglo-American world) who have not studied mathematics. It is difficult to fully enter modern philosophy without at least a college-level knowledge of mathematics.

On the other hand, I believe that what @benikariudo is saying is not completely wrong, but partially reasonable.
There is a clear difference between the level of “having knowledge of analysis and algebra” and the level of “being able to freely use such knowledge (to the extent that it can be applied to philosophy),” and unfortunately very few contemporary philosophers have reached the latter level. (In other words, the overwhelming majority of people have the ability to read papers in which mathematics is used, but are unable to construct or express their own philosophy using mathematics.)
I feel (self-reflectively) that the latter level is necessary to be able to call myself a “philosopher who can use mathematics,” and I think (also self-reflectively) that the level of mathematics possessed by most contemporary philosophers is still too low.

@user-up4mu7kx7y
Logic aside, Aristotle seems to have been critical of mathematics... (not certain as this is a secondhand knowledge)

@yamayamama
I couldn't figure out what you were referring to when you said “philosophy does not require mathematics.”
I think the work of Wittgenstein and Gödel is mathematical philosophy, mathematical logic.

What exactly do you envision the use of mathematics in philosophy?
For example, if you used statistics to survey a subject, that seems more like psychology than philosophy.

@benikariudo
@yamayamama Algebra allows us to simulate, and geometry allows us to change, expand, and increase our viewpoints, perspectives, and fields of view. Logic is indeed mathematics, but it is for context and grammar, and you still need geometry and algebra to abstract problems and deal with the concepts themselves. I studied systems thinking such as systems science and systems philosophy, and I think linear algebra is essential for viewing a problem as a system, and Venn diagram-like set concepts are useful rather than logic.

@yamayamama
@benikariudo Thank you. I learned a lot. I took it as something similar to cybernetics or design thinking.
I think it depends on the scope of the word “philosophy”.
My image of the word “philosophy” today is “the activity of logically determining the outlines of where the limits of human reason are likely to be." For example, I think that one of the challenges to the “limits of reason” was mathematical logic.
Therefore, I felt that “the activity of understanding the world” and “the activity of adding convenience to the world” would be positioned as natural science or engineering (including economics, etc.).
Well, this may be the ramblings of an uneducated person.

@abc0to1
Philosophy is formed on the basis of logic, so there is no such thing as a philosopher who does not study logic. If you want to learn logic, you have to learn mathematics.

@benikariudo
@yamayamama It may be true that each philosophy has its own definition of philosophy. However, as the Greek philosophy forbade anyone who did not know geometry from entering its doors, I believe that mathematics is essential for thinking and abstraction, which is the essence of the philosophy. Since Greece at that time did not have fields such as algebra and analysis, I think it is acceptable to incorporate algebra and analysis into philosophy after the Renaissance, when Islamic society benefited from the 0 and Arabic numerals. I think systems philosophy as its interdisciplinary. It may be in the category of engineering, but since society is also run by systems, I think it can also be connected to social philosophy. If we consider Marx as a philosopher, then the extension of Marx's philosophy would be systems philosophy.

@benikariudo
@abc0to1 I did study logic. But before that, I had acquired programming skills as a programmer. I was also exposed to the geometric field of fractal sets and the analytical field of functions, and then I learned linear algebra, which leads to college mathematics. This allowed me to learn, albeit on my own, systems thinking, which would come after structuralism. What these mean is the granularity of problems (at the individual, regional, national, international, global or human level), which are nested and correlated, or the reproduction of systemic problems. In other words, geometry, which was essential to the Greek philosophy of the time, increases, broadens, and enhances the field of vision, perspective, and viewpoint, whereas algebra, a boon in Islamic societies with its Indian zeros and Arabic numerals, allows for simulation, and analysis can be viewed as a functionalization of functions. I believe they lead to a philosophy of systems.

@yamayamama
@benikariudo That's because in Greek times, philosophy was what we would call liberal arts today, right?
It's like “How can a person who can't read, write, and do the abacus be introduced to the study (of philosophy)?
I always wonder why some people bring up the history of philosophy going back to ancient Greece.

In any area of modern studies that has been differentiated, there are areas where one is forced to consider philosophical elements as one digs deeper into the background.
Therefore, I think it would be better if we could talk about “mathematics with a philosophical element” or “economics with a philosophical element." I think it is enough to simply state that there are situations in which philosophical knowledge is required as an underlying element in all academic disciplines.
But when you use vague words like “system” and “design,” you blur the outlines and cause the general public to feel deceived. The word “system” is too unspecific.

@benikariudo
@yamayamama I believe that mathematics is essential for abstraction. Because if philosophy is a study that deals only with the concrete, there should be no need for mathematics. Let me give you an example of why I go back to ancient philosophy. If the Islamic societies of the time had not preserved the tablets of Greek literature, there would have been no subsequent Renaissance. I cite its importance in the sense that ideas that inform modern science (such as atomic theory) would have been cut off. I think the rarity of Greek philosophy is important when you consider why there was no break with mythology within non-Greek cultures of the time.

@t.6685
@benikariudo Sorry for the interruption.
I was wondering about the basis for the universal claim that “mathematics is essential for abstraction” after listening to both of you, and would like to ask you about it if I may.

I think it would be fair to clarify my own position as well, so I will briefly describe it below.
I am a student of philosophy, having studied both logic and mathematics. I believe that mathematics is “a discipline essential to the numerical abstraction of the real world” and logic is “a discipline essential to the linguistic abstraction of the real world.” In other words, the position is that both are useful for abstraction to the same degree, just in different areas of expertise related to abstraction. In this connection, I also have the idea that “there are real-world phenomena that cannot be well abstracted with knowledge of mathematics, and there are real-world phenomena that cannot be well abstracted with knowledge of logic,” which conflicts with the above-mentioned universal claim, which is why I raised the question.

(Incidentally, both Greek natural philosophers such as Thales and mathematics-oriented philosophers such as Plato all had their own fascination with the mythical. Perhaps it is precisely this “duality of inclination toward the mythical and emphasis on natural science and mathematics” that is the rarity of classical Greece.)

@abc0to1
@t.6685 To begin with, the work of abstraction presupposes an inclusion, and because of that, I think mathematics or logic that deals with inclusions is essential. As a common example, if you abstract people, dogs, and cats, they become mammals, but the logic that dogs ≠ cats and dogs ≠ mammals is also used at the same time.
In other words, if we try to formulate how humans perceive the world, we need symbols such as language and numbers, and the manipulation of symbols is, after all, mathematical.
Some people say that it is no good to try to formulate, that we should realize experientially, and that verbalization is a lie. That is also very important, but it is not shared because it remains a personal experience.

@t.6685
@abc0to1 I understand what you are saying and I agree with many of your assertions. However, my question to another person earlier was to the effect that (to rewrite it in line with your comment) I was wondering why you did not make the claim that “the manipulation of symbols is mathematical and/or logical” with respect to the claim that “the manipulation of symbols is mathematical”. (Of course, “logical” here means “in the style of logic as an academic discipline,” as distinguished from the common usage such as logical thinking.)
Although it is my personal experience after studying both mathematics and logic, I have the feeling that there is no superiority or inferiority between mathematics and logic in acquiring the ability to abstract and manipulate symbols, or if there is a superiority or inferiority, it is context-dependent (depending on the context, the abstraction and symbol manipulation abilities acquired from either are used in different ways).

@abc0to1
@t.6685 This may be completely unrelated, but this argument of ours is fully expressed or processed in binary numbers of 0s and 1s, right? When we make arguments in our own minds (in the form of soliloquies) or with others in some formulation, is the human brain equivalent to a Turing machine or not? If it is equivalent, I feel that we can say that (human handled) logic = mathematics. But there doesn't seem to be such a thing as illogical mathematics, so logic ⊃ mathematics, intuitively. But I don't rely on my intuition lol
In general, I feel like we have to understand how the brain works before we can come to any conclusions.

@kk-sm3ws
If the hardware is the same, you could say we are communicating in binary.

*Another thread

@yamayamama
I think, humanities knowledge is “the wisdom needed to reconcile interests”. Wisdom for people to understand each other better and work together. However, since the 1960s, the capital economy was in the process of growing, so the adjustment of interests was not so necessary. Therefore, the humanities were not so much needed, and the only thing that was utilized was psychology as a business tool (marketing).
But nowadays, economic growth is slowing down. Newly developed technologies lack diversity, and assets tend to be concentrated in the hands of a few businesses. In such a transforming world, there will be great expectations for the restoration of humanities knowledge and its active role as a return to society.

@ks1768
This is an interesting hypothesis

@user-pt7zu3ze1r
I feel like you've beautifully verbalized something I've been thinking about for a long time. I think the humanities have the power to maximize benefits for more people and prevent disadvantages, rather than the ability to produce benefits. I feel that something like the boldness to “adjust” is indispensable in a diversified society where the benefits are different for each person.

@user-nr3zq8ie8l
I think that "philosophy" was originally created to discourage a privileged group of people from doing whatever they wanted to do. So it seems to me that the only social significance of advancing the humanities is its moral and ethical role.

Here's a rough summary of the ideological positions of each participant in the discussion:

1. @benikariudo: Believes that mathematics, particularly algebra and geometry, is essential for philosophical abstraction and problem-solving. They see modern philosophy as lacking in this mathematical rigor compared to ancient Greek philosophy and argue for incorporating mathematical tools into philosophical thinking.

2. @user-zu6ul9lf7q: Argues that modern philosophy does engage with mathematics, but distinguishes between true philosophers and those who are merely elevated by publishers. They suggest that there are contemporary philosophers doing meaningful work with mathematics.

3. @t.6685: A philosophy student who agrees that mathematics is important but believes that few contemporary philosophers reach the level of truly integrating mathematics into their work. They view both mathematics and logic as essential for abstraction but emphasize that they are useful in different areas, and not all philosophical issues can be addressed by mathematics alone.

4. @user-up4mu7kx7y: Suggests, based on secondhand knowledge, that Aristotle was critical of mathematics, hinting at a historical perspective where mathematics and philosophy may not always align.

5. @yamayamama: Views the role of mathematics in philosophy more critically. They see modern philosophy as focused on the limits of human reason rather than on practical applications like those found in engineering or natural sciences. They question the broad and vague use of terms like "system" in philosophical discourse, arguing that it might blur the lines between philosophy and other disciplines.

6. @abc0to1: Believes that logic and mathematics are both fundamental to philosophical abstraction, seeing them as intertwined in the manipulation of symbols necessary for understanding the world. They argue that logic might even encompass mathematics and raise questions about the nature of human cognition in relation to mathematical logic.

7. @kk-sm3ws: Briefly adds that if the hardware (brain) is the same, communication could be considered binary, implicitly agreeing with the idea that logic and mathematics might be fundamentally linked.

Each participant brings a different perspective on the relationship between philosophy and mathematics, reflecting a spectrum of views from seeing mathematics as essential to viewing it as just one of many tools in philosophical inquiry.

Here’s a breakdown of the ideological and philosophical concepts relevant to each participant's statement:

1. @benikariudo:
- Mathematical Philosophy: The idea that mathematics is integral to philosophical thought, especially in abstraction and problem-solving.
- Systems Thinking: The interdisciplinary study of systems, viewing problems as interconnected and nested within larger systems.
- Historical Continuity in Philosophy: The belief in the importance of Greek philosophy's legacy, preserved through Islamic societies, for modern philosophical thought.
- Philosophy of Abstraction: The view that abstract thinking in philosophy requires mathematical tools like geometry and algebra.

2. @user-zu6ul9lf7q:
- Philosophical Authenticity: The distinction between true philosophers and those who are merely recognized by publishers.
- Modern Engagement with Mathematics: The assertion that contemporary philosophers do engage in mathematical thinking, though it may not be universally recognized.

3. @t.6685:
- Epistemology: The study of knowledge, particularly the role of mathematics and logic in abstracting knowledge about the real world.
- Philosophy of Mathematics: The belief that mathematics is crucial but not the sole means of abstraction, and its utility varies by context.
- Dualism in Greek Philosophy: The idea that classical Greek thinkers combined a fascination with mythology and a strong emphasis on natural science and mathematics.

4. @user-up4mu7kx7y:
- Historical Critique of Mathematics in Philosophy: The suggestion that some ancient philosophers, like Aristotle, were critical of mathematics, highlighting a historical tension between philosophy and mathematics.

5. @yamayamama:
- Limits of Reason: The concept that philosophy today is concerned with exploring the boundaries of human reason, often through logical analysis.
- Philosophy vs. Natural Science/Engineering: The distinction between philosophy and practical sciences like engineering, which are seen as more focused on adding convenience to the world.
- Cybernetics/Design Thinking: The application of systems theory and design thinking to philosophy, though the participant is skeptical about its relevance.
- Philosophy of Language and Logic: The idea that philosophy should focus on precise definitions and logical clarity, avoiding vague terms that blur disciplinary boundaries.

6. @abc0to1:
- Symbolic Logic: The study of symbols and their manipulation, which is seen as foundational to both mathematics and logic in philosophy.
- Formalism in Philosophy: The idea that philosophical reasoning involves formal systems of logic and mathematics.
- Cognitive Science and Philosophy: The exploration of whether human cognition, like a Turing machine, operates on logical and mathematical principles.

7. @kk-sm3ws:
- Binary Logic: The idea that human communication and reasoning could be fundamentally binary, connecting to theories in computer science and cognitive science about the brain's operations.

These concepts reflect the diverse approaches each participant takes towards the relationship between philosophy, mathematics, and logic.

@EngelsFriedrich
I am moved by the astonishing words that I have come across. He says, “We should not speak of a distinction between appearance and reality, between spirit and body, and between the intellect and the emotions, on that basis.”
Here we can clearly see the influence of J. Dewey's influence can be seen here. Dewey, a leading American pragmatist, referred to experience as the intimate relationship between the action and passivity of the organism. In other words, the continuous process of simultaneous active and passive responses of living organisms to their environment is the true nature of what we call experience. It is not an event of the past as described by the Greek philosopher Plato, but rather a creative activity of the present. So experience is essentially “trial and error” and experimental, and it is also an effort to change what has been given to us, an exploration of the unknown. The fact that our experience is future-oriented may be the true meaning of the phrase “we should not speak in the vocabulary of Greek philosophy." I think these words capture the characteristics of contemporary American thought. Thanks for uploading.

Input: I came up with the term “presence due to unimportance”, can you give an example?

Output: The term “existence due to unimportance” can be interpreted as referring to a state in which something is insignificant or unimportant and therefore has a contrary presence. A concrete example of this concept would be the following situation.

1. The Presence of a Background Character
In a movie or drama, there are people who are not main characters but simply pass by or stand in the background. They may seem “unimportant” and irrelevant to the story, but this gives reality to the scene and makes their presence essential in the background.

2. Trivial Events of Daily Life
For example, a stranger you see on a station platform or a passing conversation you hear on a street corner. Normally, we would not pay attention to these things, but when something special happens, their “unimportant” presence can suddenly become memorable and affect our mind. This is another example of “existence due to unimportance.

3. Unknown Artists or Works
There can be a situation where an unknown artist or his/her work, unknown to the majority, is known only to a particular community or small group of people. While the work may be “unimportant” to the majority, it may become important to certain people and take on a unique meaning there.

4. Houseplants in the Office
A houseplant in a corporate office may seem “unimportant” at first glance, but its presence can soften the overall atmosphere of the office and create a relaxing environment. They are not considered important, yet they are needed in the office.

In this way, “presence due to unimportance” can represent a case in which something may appear to be directly unimportant, but its indifference or inconsequentiality conversely creates a sense of presence.

I: It seems to me that it has to do with concepts that are important in a particular context and their complement.

O: As you say, “existence due to unimportance” is similar to the relationship between an important concept in a particular context and its complement. There is a paradoxical aspect to this, in that the value of existence itself is established by its “unimportant” character. This idea is a phenomenon found in various areas of philosophy, sociology, cognitive science, etc.

1. Complement as Duality
In the mathematical concept of complementation, there is a set and then there are elements (complements) that do not belong to that set. Similarly, if there is a concept or entity that is important in a certain context, then something that is considered “unimportant” may have a complementary presence.

For example, in a work of art, the central element of the work may be vivid and prominent, while the surrounding blurred background or margins may be considered “unimportant,” but the central element stands out because of that background. Thus, the “unimportant” elements play a complementary role in emphasizing the “important” elements as a result.

2. Figure and Ground Relationship
The “figure-ground” relationship in Gestalt psychology is also related to this duality. The figure is the visually prominent part of the image, while the ground is its background or inconspicuous part. The ground is usually unnoticeable, but its “unimportance” makes the figure stand out and take on meaning. The figure (object) is recognized more prominently because the ground (background) is unimportant. 3.

3. Center and Periphery in Society
In sociological terms, the concepts of “center” and “periphery” of society apply. People and cultures at the center are important to the majority, while those on the periphery are often treated as “unimportant. However, those on the periphery can play an important social role through their interaction with the center. For example, subcultures are like complements to popular culture, but they often influence the mainstream or later transform into the main culture.

4. De-centering and the Role of the Unconscious
A related phenomenon in postmodern philosophy involves the relativization and de-centering of the central being, whereby elements previously considered “unimportant” emerge and take on value and meaning. Here, the process by which “unimportant entities” come to have relative value may be explained as an inversion of center and complement.

5. Complementarity Effect of Cognition
Even in the cognitive processes of the brain, unconscious information or sensory data that are often ignored (e.g., background sounds or visual information) can influence conscious attention. This unconscious “unimportant” information may form an essential background for conscious choices and actions.

From this perspective, it can be said that the “unimportant presence” is always complementary to importance in context, revealing its paradoxical role. It highlights a relationship in which, while supporting the existence of an important concept, its own “unimportance” is also established by its existence.

Continuing with the phrase “to one's physical characteristics” from a philosophical perspective, we can develop content related to deeper questions about the body and self-awareness, existence, and free will. Here are some candidates

1. “Does one's awareness of one's bodily characteristics constrain the essential freedom of the self?”
- The question of how the limitations and characteristics of the body affect one's freedom and choices.

2. “It may be that my physical characteristics are the boundaries of my being.”
- A context in which one considers whether the body defines the limits of the ego or existence beyond the body. 3.

3. “Am I truly a free being if I follow my physical characteristics?”
- A philosophical question about the relationship between free will and physical limitations. 4.

4. “In becoming aware of my physical characteristics, may my existence be limited to the material dimension?”
- An inquiry into the relationship between body and spirit, or material existence and transcendent existence.

5. “To what extent does my awareness of my physical characteristics determine my sense of self?”
- Reflections on how much the body influences the formation of identity. 6.

6. “To what extent does my preoccupation with my physical characteristics set limits on my relationships with others?”
- Reflection on how the body places limitations on our interactions with and understanding of others. 7.

7. “Do the sensations and perceptions that depend on my physical characteristics truly capture the reality of the world?”
- 8. questioning how accurately our physical senses and perceptions perceive reality.

8. “While constrained by one's physical characteristics, does the psyche construct itself beyond them?”
- A contemplation of the relationship between body and spirit and the possibility of the spirit constructing itself beyond its physical limitations. 9.

9. “Accepting the limitations inherent in my physical characteristics may give meaning to my existence.”
- A consideration of how the acceptance of physical limitations may lead to the meaning of self and the fulfillment of existence.

These candidates are in-depth perspectives on how the limitations and characteristics of the body affect one's freedom, identity, and meaning of existence, or how that relationship should be viewed. The phrases are an opportunity to explore the relationship between the body and the self in advancing philosophical discussions.

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